English Grammar

Basic English Grammar rules can be tricky. In this article, we’ll get you started with the basics of sentence structure, punctuation, parts of speech, and more.

Degrees of Comparison Exercises for Class 8 CBSE With Answers PDF

Degrees Of Adjectives

In English, we have three degrees of comparison–positive, comparative and superlative. Positive degree (tall) is used to describe one noun. When two or more nouns are being compared we can use the positive degree (as tall as), the comparative degree (taller than), or the superlative degree (the tallest) of an adjective depending on the context.

Study these sentences:

1. My father’s chocolate cake is as yummy as any other chocolate cake.
   My father’s chocolate cake = other chocolate cakes
2. My father’s chocolate cake is yummier than any other chocolate cake in the world.
   My father’s chocolate cake > other chocolate cakes
3. My father’s chocolate cake is the yummiest chocolate cake I have ever had.
   

We use as + positive + as when the items being compared are of equal quality. We use comparative degree + than when the quality of the items compared is not of equal degree. The superlative degree is normally preceded by the article the and it is used to denote the highest degree of quality.

1. Most comparative and superlative degrees are made by adding -er and -est. If the adjective ends in -e, only then -r and -st are added.
Examples:

• sweet-sweeter-sweetest; safe-safer-safest
• dark darker- darkest; loose-looser loosest

2. Adjectives ending in y, drop the -y and take -ier and -iest.
Examples:

• crazy crazier-craziest;
• early earlier-earliest
• happy_happier-happiest

3. In some adjectives that have just one syllable, the last consonant is doubled.
Examples:

• thin—thinner—thinnest;
• sad—sadder-saddest
• dim-dimmer-dimmest

4. Adjectives that have more than two or three syllables take more and most to make comparative and superlative degrees. These include adjectives that end in -ed, -ful, -less, -ing, etc.
Examples:

• excited—more excited—most excited
• useful—more useful-most useful
• boring—more boring—most boring
• brilliant-more brilliant-most brilliant

5. Some adjectives have completely different comparative and superlative degrees. Most of them can be used as adverbs and adjectives.
Examples:

• well/good—better—best; some/much/many-more-most (determiners)
• ill/bad-worse—worst; little-less—least (determiners)

A. Do as directed. Focus on the italicized adjective in each sentence.

Question 1.
When the result was declared, Ranjan’s parents looked …………………… for their son. (use positive degree of happy)
Answer:
When the result was declared, Ranjan’s parents looked happy for their son. (use positive degree of happy)

Question 2.
These books are very thick. Your book is ………………… than mine. (use comparative degree of thick)
Answer:
These books are very thick. Your book is thicker than mine, (use comparative degree of thick)

Question 3.
That reference book is the ……………………. of all. (use the superlative degree of thick)
Answer:
But that reference book is the thickest of all. (use the superlative degree of thick)

Question 4.
The chief guest of the event arrived early there. The guests of honour reached ……………….. than him. (use comparative degree of early)
Answer:
The president of the event arrived early there. The guest of honour reached earlier than him. (use comparative degree of early)

Question 5.
The Principal was the …………………. to reach the venue. (use the superlative degree of early)
Answer:
But the chief guest was the earliest to reach the venue, (use the superlative degree of early)

Question 6.
All the students were excited about the trip. Anshul was ………………… than his friend. (use comparative degree of excited)
Answer:
All the students were excited about the trip. Anshul was more excited than his friend, (use comparative degree of excited)

Question 7.
Mohinder was the …………………… among all. (use the superlative degree of excited)
Answer:
But that boy, Mohinder was the most excited among all. (use the superlative degree excited)

Question 8.
Aluminium is a useful metal. Silver is also ………………….. . (use positive degree of useful)
Answer:
Aluminum is a useful metal. Silver is also useful, (use a positive degree of useful)

Question 9.
I think aluminium is …………………… than copper. (use comparative degree of useful)
Answer:
I think aluminum is more useful than copper, (use a comparative degree of useful)

Question 10.
Iron is the ……………………. metal. (use the superlative degree of useful)
Answer:
But iron is the most useful metal, (use the superlative degree of useful)

B. Based on the sentences below, make sentences using the comparative or superlative degrees of adjectives. The first one has been done for you.

1. I am 13 years old. My brother is 10 years old and my sister is 15.
I am older than my brother. My sister is the oldest.
2. River Ganga is 2,525 km long, the Nile is 6,853 km long and the Mississippi is about 3,770 km long.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. This summer, mangoes cost INR 90 per kilogram, oranges are INR 100 per kilogram.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. I got an A+ in Maths, and A in all the other subjects.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Darjeeling is a very beautiful hill station. Shimla is equally beautiful.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. My blue jeans are comfortable. These pants are very comfortable.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. The red house has five rooms. The white house has only three rooms.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Answer:
1. I am 13 years old. My brother is 10 years old and my sister is 15.
I am older than mv brother. My sister is the oldest.
2. River Ganga is 2,525 km long, the Nile is 6,853 km long and the Mississippi is about 3,770 km long.
The Mississippi is longer than River Ganga. The Nile is the longest.
3. This summer, mangoes cost INR 90 per kilogram, oranges are INR 100 per kilogram.
This summer, oranges are more costly than mangoes.
4. I got an A+ in Maths, and A in all the other subjects.
I scored better in Maths than the other subjects.
5. Darjeeling is a very beautiful hill station. Shimla is equally beautiful.
Darjeeling is as beautiful as Shimla.
6. My blue jeans are comfortable. These pants are very comfortable.
My blue jeans are as comfortable as these pants.
7. The red house has five rooms. The white house has only three rooms.
The red house has more rooms than the white house.

Degrees Of Adverbs

Like adjectives, adverbs also have three degrees of comparison.
The comparative and superlative degrees of some adverbs are made by adding -er and -est.
Examples:

• hard—harder-hardest; fast-faster—fastest
• long-longer—longest

If the word ends in y then it is replaced with -ier and -jest.
Examples:

• early-earlier-earliest

Some adverbs that have two or more syllables or end in -ly take more and most to make comparative and superlative degrees.
Examples:

• carefully—more carefully—most carefully
• energetically-more energetically—most energetically

C. Do as directed. Focus on the italicized adverb in each sentence.

Question 1.
All these athletes can run fast on this track. Jay runs ………………………………….. than his friend. (use a comparative degree of fast)
Answer:
All these athletes can run fast on this track. Jay runs faster than his friend, (use comparative degree offast)

Question 2.
But Farid runs the ………………………………….. among all of them. (use the superlative degree of fast)
Answer:
But Farid runs the fastest among all of them, (use the superlative degree of fast)

Question 3.
Rashid drives his car ………………………………….. (use the positive degree of carefully)
Answer:
Rashid drives his car carefully with his parents, (use positive degree of carefully)

Question 4.
My grandfather drives his car ………………………………….. than my father. (use comparative degree of carefully)
Answer:
My grandfather drives his car more carefully than my father, (use comparative degree of carefully)

Question 5.
Mother drives her car the ………………………………….. among all my family members. (use the superlative degree of carefully)
Answer:
Mother drives her car the most carefully among all my family members, (use the superlative degree of carefully)

Question 6.
I can play tennis ………………………………….. with my cousin. (use positive degree of energetically)
Answer:
I can play tennis energetically, (use positive degree of energetically)

Question 7.
Father plays tennis ………………………………….. than my uncle. (use comparative degree of energetically)
Answer:
Father plays tennis more energetically than my uncle, (use comparative degree of energetically)

Question 8.
But my brother plays the game the ………………………………….. among all of us. (use the superlative degree of energetically)
Answer:
But my brother plays the game the most energetically among all of us. (use the superlative degree of energetically)

D. Complete these groups of sentences using the positive degree, comparative degree or superlative degree of the italicized adverbs given in each.

1. Mira works hard.
Her sister works ………………………………….. .
Her brother works …………………………………. .

2. You should do well in your test.
It should be ………………………………….. than last time.
In fact you should do ………………………………….. this time.

3. Kartik did badly in his entrance test.
Hemant did …………………………………..
Sachin did ………………………………….. Sanchi does.

4. Sangita draws sketches ………………………………….. Sanchi dose.
Sanjay does so more beautifully than his sister.
But their mother can draw pictures …………………………………..
Answer:
1. Mira works hard.
Her sister works harder.
Her brother works the hardest.

2. You should do well in your test.
It should be better than last time.
In fact you should do the best this time.

3. Kartik did badly in his entrance test.
Hemant did worse than him.
Sachin did the worst.

4. Sangita draws sketches as beautifully as Sanchi does.
Sanjay does so more beautifully than his sister.
But their mother can draw pictures the most beautiful.

A message is a short, informal piece of writing conveying information received over the telephone, public address system or in person, to a person for whom the information was intended but who was not at hand to receive the information.

In other words, it is a piece of information given by a third person to be passed on to a particular person. Messages must be brief, yet have all the information. It is usually a telephonic message that has to be reported/passed on to someone.

Basic English Grammar rules can be tricky. In this article, we’ll get you started with the basics of sentence structure, punctuation, parts of speech, and more.

Message Writing for Class 7 Format, Examples, Topics, Exercises PDF

Following are some key points to be remembered while drafting a message:

1. It should be boxed.
2. Be brief and use informal language.
3. The salutation maybe informal. (the way you address the receiver, for example: Grandpa, Mohit)
4. Use short clear phrases/sentences with proper punctuation.
5. Use indirect speech.
6. Put down all relevant details such as the following:
   • a. name of the person who gave the message
   • b. date and time of receiving the message
   • c. content of the message including follow-up action required
7. Do not add any new information.
8. End the message with only the name of the person writing the message (no complimentary closure required)

Format:
A message is written in the following format:

Date: Time: Salutation Content of the message Writer’s name/signature

Practice Questions for Message Writing Class 7 CBSE

Mini and Mr Kapoor have a telephonic conversation, in which the latter wishes to convey a message for Mini’s father. Take a look at the message that Mini leaves for him.

Mr Kapoor: Hello. Is it 2098768 ?
Mini: Yes, it is. May I know who is calling?
Mr Kapoor: This is Anil Kapoor. Could I please talk to Mr Khetarpal?
Mini: I’m sorry he is not at home. He will be back tomorrow.
Mr Kapoor: Could you please convey to him that his colleague Mrs Sanya who was supposed to be coming to Delhi to meet him next Monday will not be able to make it because she is on a medical leave? However, she will be visiting him the next week, on 23rd June.
Mini: Thank you for the message, Mr Kapoor. I’ll convey it to him.

Message 12 June 2017 10:30 a.m. Dad Mr. Anil Kapoor called to inform you that Mrs. Sanya will not be coming to Delhi on Monday. She will come the following week, on June 23rd. Mini

Writing task
Imagine that you are Renu in the following conversation. One of your father’s clients has requested you to convey a message to him. But you have to leave for school before your father arrives. So, you decide to leave a message for him instead. Draft the message for Renu.

Renu: Hello.
Mr Jones: Hello, this is Jones from Fair Deal Industries. Could I please speak to Mr Anand?
Renu: I am sorry, Sir. He is not at home. I am his daughter, Renu.
Mr Jones: Renu, I wanted to inform your father that the order we had placed for the notebooks has not been delivered. We shall be obliged if it is delivered before this weekend.
Renu: Sir, I shall certainly convey the message.

Message …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Answer:

Message 11 September 2017 07.00 a.m. Dad! Mr Jones had called to inform you that his order for notebooks has not been delivered. He requested it to be delivered before this weekend. Renu

Factual passages: convey information in a straightforward and direct manner about a particular subject. Usually, the language and style are simple and clear. Factual passages may give instructions or descriptions or report of an event or a new finding.

Basic English Grammar rules can be tricky. In this article, we’ll get you started with the basics of sentence structure, punctuation, parts of speech, and more.

We also providing Extra Questions for Class 10 English Chapter wise.

Unseen Passage For Class 10 Factual CBSE With Answers

Type 1 Questions

1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.

1 Tourists to Jammu and Kashmir have another attraction–a floating post office on the Dal Lake in Srinagar, the first in the country. ‘Floating Post Office, Dal Lake’–claimed to be the only one such post office in the world–is built on an intricately carved maroon houseboat, fastened on the western edge of the Dal Lake.

2 This post office lets you avail of all the regular postal services available in the country while being afloat. The seal used on everything posted from Floating Post Office is unique–along with the date and address, it bears the design of a boatman rowing a shikara on the Dal Lake. The special. feature of this post office is that letters posted from here carry a special design which has the picturesque scenery of Dal Lake and Srinagar city. These pictures reach wherever these letters are posted to and hence promote Kashmir as a tourist destination across the world.

3 This is actually a heritage post office that has existed since British times. It was called Nehru Park Post Office before 2011. But then the chief postmaster John Samuel renamed it as ‘Floating Post Office’.

4 The post office’s houseboat has two small rooms–one serves as the office and the other a small ‘museum that traces the philatelic history of the state postal department. It has a shop that sells postage stamps and other products.

5 But for the locals, Floating Post office is more than an object of fascination. 1–2 crore is deposited per month in Floating Post Office by communities living in and around the Dal Lake. The lake has several islets that are home to more than 50,000 people.

6. The greatest fear is the recurrence of 2014 like floods in which the houseboat had gone for a toss uncontrollably pushed by the flood. Rescue teams had to anchor it using special mechanism in a nearby highland. Then it was brought back on the Dal after the water receded. The biggest boon is that at no time of the year do you need a fan in this post–office!

Attempt the following questions on the basis of the passage you have read:

(a) Jammu and Kashmir has another attraction, the first in the country ………………………. .
(i) A floating ATM
(ii) A floating bank
(iii) A floating post office
(iv) A floating museum
Answer:
(iii)

(b) The greatest fear that the post office has is that ………………………. .
(i) it can get drowned
(ii) it can be looted
(iii) it has less deposits
(iv) the floods can ruin it
Answer:
(iv)

(c) The post office is of no use to the people of Kashmir. (True/False)
Answer:
False

(d) Chief postmaster John Samuel has renamed the post office. (True/False)
Answer:
True

(e) The post office is in an intricately carved houseboat. (True/False)
Answer:
True

(f) The post office’s houseboat has ……………………….. small rooms.
Answer:
two

(g) The heritage post office has existed since the ……………………….. times.
Answer:
British

(h) Find the word from the passage which means the same as “attraction”. (para 5)
Answer:
fascination

2. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.

1 Then all the windows of the grey wooden house (Miss Hilton used to live here. She expired last week.), were thrown open, a thing I had never seen before. At the end of the day, a sign was nailed on the mango tree: FOR SALE.

2. Nobody in the street knew Miss Hilton. While she lived, her front gate was always locked and no one ever saw her leave or saw anybody go in. So even if you wanted to, you couldn’t feel sorry and say that you missed Miss Hilton.

3 When I think of her house I see just two colours. Grey and green. The green of the mango tree, the grey of the house and the grey of the high iron fence that prevented you from getting at the mangoes.

4 If your cricket ball fell in Miss Hilton’s courtyard you never got it back. It wasn’t the mango season when Miss Hilton died. But we got back about ten or twelve of our cricket balls.

5 The house was sold and we were prepared to dislike the new owners even before they came. I think we were a little worried.

6 Already we had one resident of the street who kept on complaining about us to our parents. He complained that we played cricket on the pavement; and if we were not playing cricket he complained that we were making too much noise anyway.

7 One afternoon, when I came back from school Pal, said, “Is a man and a woman. She pretty, but he ugly like hell”. I didn’t see much. The front gate was open, but the windows were shut again. I heard a dog barking in an angry way.

8 One thing was settled pretty quickly. Whoever these people were they would never be the sort of people to complain that we were making noise and disturbing their sleep.

9. A lot of noise came from the house that night. The radio was going at full volume until midnight when the radio station closed down. The dog was barking and the man was shouting. I didn’t hear the woman.

Attempt the following questions on the basis of the passage you have read:

(a) Miss Hilton’s house had just 2 colours ………………………..
(i) Grey and Black
(ii) Grey and Blue
(iii) Grey and Pink
(iv) Grey and Green
Answer:
(iv)

(b) The sign ‘For Sale’ was hung on a ………………………..
(i) banyan tree
(ii) mango tree
(iii) oak tree
(iv) guava tree
Answer:
(ii)

(c) Miss Hilton was a very friendly lady. (True/False)
Answer:
False

(d) You would always get your cricket balls if they fell in Miss Hilton’s courtyard. (True/False)
Answer:
False

(e) The new owners of the house had a dog. (True/False)
Answer:
True

The iron fence did not let the boys get at the ………………………. on the tree.
Answer:
Mangoes

(g) Find a word in paragraph 8 which means the same as “arranged.
Answer:
settled

(h) Find a word in paragraph 6 which means ‘raised path for pedestrians at the side of a road’.
Answer:
pavement

3. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.

1. Varieties of birds migrate or travel from one region to another depending on the availability of food, habitat and climatic conditions.

2. In order to escape the severe winter of northern and central Asia, several migratory birds visit the Indian subcontinent during winter. Here they find optimal conditions of food and climate for their survival. Studies reveal that the quality of habitat and human disturbances along their migratory routes are the deciding factors of the number of migratory birds that come to a place.

3. Loss of habitat due to human encroachment, like settlement, grazing and agriculture, is regarded as the main reason for this decline. Scientists have observed that the breeding habitats of these birds are becoming fragmented and the tropical grounds surrounding the habitats are being destroyed.

4. According to ornithologist and professor of Zoology at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, Surya Prakash, the numbers per species of migratory birds have drastically gone down because of the loss of habitat, specially wetlands and aquatic ecosystems, due to commercial use of land and other anthropogenic factors.

5. The changing crop pattern is also seen as a major factor for the reduction in the number of migratory birds in India and certain birds have stopped visiting some areas due to such changes.

6. Delay in rainfall also leads to a delay in the arrival of migratory birds. Rains obstruct their flight and cause low visibility. Another cause of decline in migration to India is the large scale hunting of these birds. Birds like falcons are targets for many illegal hunters. In addition to this, the availability of food is also becoming scarce and various water bodies have dried up, thus robbing these birds of their habitat.

7. Unhygienic water, along with thin tree cover leads to lesser number of birds visiting man-made sanctuaries. High voltage power lines are another threat to the lives of these birds as they can get caught in between these lines and be electrocuted.

8. The World Migratory Bird Day is now celebrated to spread awareness about threats faced by migratory birds.

3.1 On the basis of your reading of the passage, complete the following table.

Reasons for Lessening Numbers of Migratory Birds

3.2 On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.
(a) Why do birds migrate from one region to another?
(b) What are some factors that can lead to delays in the arrival of migratory birds?
(c) Name the day that is celebrated to spread awareness about threats faced by migratory birds.

4. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.

1. When was the last time you laughed a hearty, sidesplitting belly laugh that sent you reeling out of control?

2. Modem science confirms that this kind of laughter is not only enjoyable but also health-promoting. Laughter is an invigorating tonic that heightens and brightens the mood, gently releasing us from tensions and social constraints.

3. If you hate to workout, laughter (also called inner jogging) may be the exercise programme for you! A robust laugh gives the muscles of your face, shoulders, diaphragm and abdomen a good workout. The heart rate and blood pressure temporarily rise, breathing becomes faster and deeper and oxygen surges through your bloodstream. Sometimes your muscles go limp and your blood pressure may fall temporarily, leaving you in a mellow euphoria. A good laugh can bum up as many calories per hour as brisk walking.

4. Sadly, our culture seems to inhibit humour. Sometimes we repress our good humour, because we are afraid that others will think we are frivolous or foolish. But we need to cultivate a better sense of humour and to not care about others’ opinions about us; to let our sense of humour live and to seek out things that make us laugh.

6. Focus on yourself rather than others. If you can allow yourself the inevitable mistakes then you can laugh at yourself. A stressful situation can sometimes be transformed into a bit of fun if you can see the humour in it. Make sure that people around you are fun to be with. Certain people make you feel relaxed and happy. Spend more time with people who boost your mood. It can also trigger different thoughts that affect moods of sadness, happiness and anger. And if you can’t smile, fake it.

7. Not all humour is positive and healthy. Watch out for scorn, sarcasm, ridicule and contempt and inappropriate humour. And don’t joke about people’s names. They have to live with them. It is important to be sensitive.

8. Humour can be a powerful medicine and laughter can be contagious. The only side effect is pleasure.

4.1 Complete the answers for the questions given below. Each blank carried 1 mark. Answer questions worth 8 marks.

(a) What are the benefits of laughter?
(i) heightens and brightens mood
(ii) releases us from tensions and social constraints
(iii) workout for ……………………………………………… .
(iv) increases level of ……………………………………………… .
(v) bums ……………………………………………… .

(b) State a few reasons why adults don’t laugh.
(i) ……………………………………………… .
(ii) seriousness ……………………………………………… .
(c) How can one remain happy?
(i) ……………………………………………… .
(ii) spend time with ……………………………………………… .

(d) List the few types of negative humour.
(i) scorn
(ii) ……………………………………………… .
(iii) ……………………………………………… .
(iv) ……………………………………………… .
(v) inappropriate humour
(e) In terms of exercise, laughter is also known as ……………………………………………….
(f) A good laughter also provides a good workout to the following parts of the body:

5. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.

1. Nowadays everyone is trying to manage thoughts since the popular novel The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho encouraged the reader to chase his or her dreams.

2. Another bestseller The Secret added to the hype by propagating the theory that one can get anything just by thinking about it. On the other hand, serious seekers on the spiritual path are also after thought management and want to tame their thoughts and attain the state of thoughtlessness and to do this they go to any extent, like learning spiritual practices like vipassana and meditation.

3. It is easier to understand the attitude of people who want to get material comfort by changing their thoughts and are not concerned about the afterlife and will do anything to gain a better and comfortable life in the present. However, it is more difficult to understand the attitude of spiritual seekers because the coming and going of thoughts is a natural phenomenon and it is puzzling to understand why anyone would want to interfere with it and think of the mind as an obstacle.

4. The taming of thoughts and control of the mind can take upto many lifetimes and so Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, clearly say that a person in his or her next life starts from the point where he or she had left in the previous one.

5. In the same way, thoughts derive their power from us. They thrive on the energy we provide them when we get attached to them and also when we want to remove them. Hence, it is not surprising that spiritual seekers complain that they are not able to meditate or concentrate, a fact which fills them with guilt.

6. The alternative is to ignore the thoughts and if we don’t give them any attention they will go away.

5.1 On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.

(a) Name the books that led to an increase in the concept of people trying to manage their thoughts.
(b) Thought management is sought after by which two kinds of people ……………………………………………… and ……………………………………………….
(c) What is the writer puzzled at? ……………………………………………… .
(d) What do Yoga Sutras of Patanjali say? ……………………………………………… .
(e) The two spiritual practices mentioned by the author are ……………………………………………… and ……………………………………………… .
(f) Whose attitude does the author find it difficult to understand?
(g) According to the author, the only way to make certain thoughts go away is to ……………………………………………….

Type 2 Questions

1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.

1. Salsa is a popular dance form considered to be a combination of Latin and Afro-Caribbean dances. It is a mixture of various roots and cultures and cannot be associated to a specific region. But a large part of the dance originated in the Cuban island.

2. The term ‘salsa’ actually means sauce in the Spanish language and is seen as a sensual dance that combines both sensuality and grace. It is a dance form where both the European and African cultures come together.

3. Various notions circulate regarding the origins of this particular dance form. According to one of them, when the French came to Cuba, they brought their own country dance along with them. Their native dance mixed with the native African dances like Guaguanco and gave rise to the salsa. As per another notion, the dance form of the native African slaves was known as rumba. The rumba got mixed with various other western dancing styles when these slaves were brought to America. The salsa thus originated from a mixture of various dance styles and cultures.

4. The term salsa was created in New York and there are different styles of salsa namely Cuban style, New York style, Los Angeles style, Colombian style and the Puerto Rican style, depending on the geographical locations from which they originated. Each style incorporates slightly different dance steps. Salsa branches also include the Colombian Salsa and the Miami-Style Salsa.

5. It is normally a couple dance where the male dancer and the female dancer complement each other perfectly. There are solo forms as well. The dance form usually consists of six different steps for music with eight counts.

6. Nowadays salsa is seen as a mode of exercise for people who want to get a toned body. It is a good way to maintain one’s body and also helps in relieving stress.

1.1 Based on your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.

(a) Salsa represents the cultures of which nations?
(b) What did the name rumba originate from?
(c) How many types of salsa are there? Name a few types.
(d) Write a few lines on how Salsa originated.

1.2 Choose the correct answer for the following questions.

(a) What is the word used for ‘amalgamation’ as given in the passage?
(i) popular
(ii) combination
(iii) form
(iv) dance

(b) Which of the following words used in the passage mean the same as ‘idea’?
(i) notion
(ii) associated
(iii) root
(iv) form

(c) What does the word ‘native’ used in the passage mean?
(i) associated with a particular person to whom it belongs
(ii) associated with a particular plant
(iii) associated with a particular place to where it belongs
(iv) none of the above

(d) What does the word ‘solo’ used in the passage mean?
(i) a thing done by three people
(ii) a thing particular to a culture
(iii) a task done in a hurry
(iv) a thing done by one person

2. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.

1. Popularly known as the Amazon of India, Sundarban is a tidal mangrove forest that gets its name from the Sundari tree that is found there. Mangroves are the different varieties of trees that are found in marshy lands. The Sundarban forest consists of 10,200 sq km area, spread over India and Bangladesh. Sundarban is located at the confluence of the Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers and is part of the largest delta in the world. Its name means ‘beautiful forest’ in Bengali.

2. Sundarban has an extremely rich diversity of aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna. Being the abode of the famous Royal Bengal tigers, Sundarban forms the largest tiger reserve and national park in India.

3. The area is known for its wide range of fauna including the chital deer, rhesus monkey, Javan rhinoceros, water buffalo, swamp deer and gaur. The aquatic fauna includes different varieties of fish, crabs, the well-known Gangetic dolphins, and the olive ridley turtles. The reptiles found there include the estuarine crocodiles, Indian python, king cobra, sea snakes, and terrapins.

4. Large parts of Sundarban have been protected. The tiger reserve was set up as early as 1973. Sundarban has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. But of late it is seen that the increasing human population of the area has led to an exploitation of timber and fish like shrimps and other biological resources. In some areas, mangrove forests are being cut leading to habitat loss. The regulation of the water flow has led to the reduction of the inflow of freshwater. The increasing level of salinity in the water has adversely affected the migration and breeding patterns of the fish. It is feared that large parts of the area will be underwater because of the rising water level of the Bay of Bengal due to global warming.

2.1 Based on your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.

(a) Name the three rivers that empty into the Bay of Bengal near Sunderban.
(b) What is Sundarban is named after?

3.2 Choose the correct answer for the following questions.

(a) Which of the following is a synonym of the word ‘entertainment’ as used in the passage?
(i) working i
(ii) bore
(iii) amusement
(iv) none of the above

(b) What does the word ‘jockey’ in the given passage mean?
(i) a person who rides in horse races
(ii) a person who takes care of all animals
(iii) a person who organizes horse races %
(iv) none of the above

(c) Which of the following words is an antonym of the word ‘immense’ as used in the passage?
(i) major
(ii) approved
(iii) honest
(iv) minute

(d) What does the word ‘subsidies’ mean as used in the passage?
(i) a loan of money
(ii) a pack of resources
(iii) financial aid or discount
(iv) expensive goods

4. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.

1. Anger is usually defined as a strong feeling of hostility, displeasure, indignation, rage or annoyance. It is an emotional state that is accompanied by physiological and biological changes including an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as an increase in the levels of one’s energy hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. An angry mind often loses its capacity to think properly.

2. Anger can be caused by both external and internal events. You could be angry at a specific person (such as a co-worker or classmate) or event (a traffic jam, a cancelled flight), or your anger could be caused by worrying or brooding about your personal problems. Memories of traumatic or enraging events can also trigger angry feelings.

3. Anger in a limited quantity is considered to be good as it gives one an opportunity to unleash negative feelings. Anger is a natural, adaptive response to threats. A certain amount of anger is needed to fight, defend and justify ourselves in society. Hence anger in small quantities is needed for our survival, like it is justified to get angry when one feels that one’s rights have been denied. But excessive anger can lead to destructive results including violent actions.

4. Anger can range anywhere from mild irritation to wild, uncontrollable fury. Anger leads people to behave in an impulsive and rash manner which in turn car^lead to strained relationships in the public as well as private sphere.

5. One of the most commonly used anger management methods includes breathing exercises. A number of anger management courses are available nowadays to help one control one’s anger. It always helps to have someone from whom one can seek help and talk. It is important to learn how to express one’s anger assertively rather than aggressively. One can also substitute the thought that makes one angry with more pleasant thoughts. Nowadays mental health professionals and psychologists are also available to help people control their anger.

4.1 Based on your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.

(a) What are the effects of anger?
(b) What are the causes of angry feelings?
(c) Why is anger in a limited quantity good?
(d) Write a few lines on the range of types of anger.

4.2 Select appropriate synonyms for the following words from the passage out of the options provided.

(a) hostility
(i) antagonism
(ii) friendliness
(iii) proximity
(iv) behaviour

(b) personal
(i) public
(ii) familial
(iii) private
(iv) closeness

(c) aggressive
(i) mild
(ii) forceful
(iii) passive
(iv) calm

(d) pleasant
(ii) cold
(iii) uninviting
(iv) None of the above

5. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.

1. Calcium is a mineral that is found in abundance in the human body. Besides the fact that it is one of the most abundant minerals in the body, it is also one of the most important minerals.

2. Calcium is required for various functions in the body, but the maximum amount of calcium in the body is found in the bones and teeth. Calcium is required to maintain the strength of the bones. Some of the best sources of calcium are milk, yogurt, cheese, fish, and green leafy vegetables like cabbage and spinach.

3. The most common disease connected to calcium deficiency is rickets. Every time a child drinks a soft drink, he or she lays the groundwork for dangerous bone disease. Fizzy and sugary drinks do not cause osteoporosis. But, because they are often a substitute for a glass of milk, kids do not get the calcium and vitamin D they need to build a strong skeleton. Many of them also lead a sedentary lifestyle, so they do not get the bone-building benefits of vigorous exercise either. These children are not just in jeopardy of getting brittle bones and fractures in the future, but they could be at a risk of osteoporosis at a younger age than ever before.

4. The Indian Society for Bone and Mineral Research, a body of osteoporosis experts, is trying to spread awareness about this bone-crippling disease. Osteoporosis causes bones to become riddled with holes, like the framework of a house that has been attacked by termites. It causes loss of height, pain in the joints and back and fractures.

5. Doctors are of the view that a simple lifestyle and proper nutrition will help save our bones. They recommend adopting bone-friendly habits like—regular exercise, getting enough sunlight, and eating food which will give us adequate calcium. This way, we can keep our bones healthy and prevent osteoporosis.

5.1 Based on your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.

(a) What are the symptoms of people with less calcium in their bodies? –
(b) What is osteoporosis caused by?
(c) Why has osteoporosis been compared to a framework of ‘a house attacked by termites’?
(d) How does osteoporosis affect one’s bones?

5.2 Select appropriate antonyms for the following words from the passage out of the options provided.

(a) abundant
(i) plenty
(ii) meagre
(iii) enough
(iv) lot

(b) subsequent
(i) following
(ii) after
(iii) preceding
(iv) none of the above

(c) adequate
(i) inadequate
(ii) enough
(iii) plenty
(iv) none of the above

(d) prevent
(i) hinder
(ii) stop
(iii) inhibit
(iv) cause

Tenses: present tense, past tense and future time refer to the time of action and tell the time and state of an action.

Basic English Grammar rules can be tricky. In this article, we’ll get you started with the basics of sentence structure, punctuation, parts of speech, and more.

Tenses Exercises or Class 6 CBSE With Answers PDF

Simple Present Tense Exercise For Class 7
The simple present tense is used to talk about habitual actions, our feelings and to express general truths.
Examples:

• Affirmative: Maya can finish her work.
• Negative: Jenny does not like Maths.
• Interrogative: Does Tanmay know how to swim?
• Negative question: Do you not like chocolates?
• Don’t you like chocolates? (with contraction)

Tenses Exercises Solved Examples with Answers for Class 7 CBSE

A. Convert these sentences as instructed in the brackets. Pay attention to the tense; it should remain the same.

Question 1.
The Atlantic Ocean is the biggest ocean in the world. (negative)
Answer:
The Atlantic Ocean is not the biggest ocean in the world.

Question 2.
Do you have an extra pen? (negative, with contraction)
Answer:
Don’t you have an extra pen?

Question 3.
Save a slice of cake for me. (negative)
Answer:
Do not save a slice of cake for me.

Question 4.
Your dance classes take place on the weekends. (negative interrogative)
Answer:
Don’t your dance classes take place on the weekends?

Question 5.
Are you at home? (negative, without contraction)
Answer:
Aren’t you at home?

Question 6.
Savi wants to go scuba – diving. (interrogative)
Answer:
Does Savi want to go scuba-diving?

Simple Past Tense Exercise For Class 7

Simple past tense is used to talk about actions completed in the past or about a past habit. The action could take place in a moment in the past or it may have happened over a short period in the past.
Examples:

• I saw Michael yesterday. He looked tired. (moment in the past)
• I played table tennis in my childhood. (short period in the past)
• Affirmative: The bus arrived at 7 in the evening.
• Negative: Amaira did not sleep last night.
• Interrogative: Did you go swimming?
• Negative question: Did you not talk about the movie?
• Didn’t you talk about the movie? (with contraction)

Spelling Regular Verbs

1. In some regular verbs that end with e, – d is added to the verb to make the simple past and past participle forms.
Examples:

• care – cared – cared
• increase – increased – increased

2. In some regular verbs ‘that end in a consonant, the consonant is doubled and – ed is added to make the simple past and past participle forms.
Examples:

• stop-stopped – stopped; clap – clapped-clapped
• tap – tapped – tapped; prefer – preferred – preferred

3. If the verb ends in a consonant+y, the y is removed and – ied is added.
Examples:

• try – tried – tried
• reply – replied – replied

Spelling Irregular Verbs
1. Some irregular verbs have completely different simple past and past participle forms.
Examples:

• is/am – wasbeen; are – were – been; buy – bought – bought
• see – saw – seen; gowent – gone; tear – tore – torn

2. Some of them change a letter or two in the spelling.
Examples:

• sit – sat – sat; comecamecome; bleed – bled – bled
• ring – rang – rung; drink drank – drunk; give gave given

3. Some irregular verbs change their spelling to – ought or – ught.
Examples:

• catch – caught caught; think – thought – thought
• bring – brought – brought; fight – fought – fought

4. Some irregular verbs retain the same form for simple past and past participle.
Examples:

• cut – cut – cut; shut – shut – shut; set – set – set
• bid – bid – bid; cast – cast – cast; hurt – hurt – hurt

5. Some irregular verbs either take at or replace the last letter (-d) with at. Sometimes in words with ee, one e is dropped.
Examples:

• deal-dealt – dealt; mean meant – meant; send – sent – sent
• bend – bent – bent; lend – lent – lent; weep-wept – wept

6. Some verbs have both regular and irregular forms.
Examples:

• leap/leapt, leaped/leapt, leaped
• spill/spilled, spilt/spilled, spilt
• learn/learnt, learned/learnt, learned

B. Complete the following with simple past forms of the verbs given in brackets.

Ajay’s aunt lives in Giza, Egypt. Ajay ………………………….. (visit) his aunt last May. He ………………………….. (stay) with his cousins. They ………………………….. (enjoy) a trip to the zoo in Giza.

They ………………………….. (see) African and Asian elephants, hippopotamuses, giraffes and several species of monkeys there. The white rhinoceros ………………………….. (be) asleep when they visited it but the zebras were awake.

When they were walking around looking at birds, a huge snake ………………………….. (crawl) out of a hole in the ground. It ………………………….. (look) this way and that, and then ………………………….. (go) into some thick bushes. Ajay was frightened but thrilled as well.
Answer:
Ajay’s aunt lives in Giza, Egypt. Ajay visited his aunt last May. He stayed with his cousins. They enjoyed a trip to the zoo in Giza.

They saw African and Asian elephants, hippopotamuses, giraffes and several species of monkeys there. The white rhinoceros was asleep when they visited it but the zebras were awake.

When they were walking around looking at birds, a huge snake crawled out of a hole in the ground. It looked this way and that, and then went into some thick bushes. Ajay was frightened but thrilled as well.

C. Some verbs in the following sentences are incorrect. Underline them and write the right word in the blanks provided. Use a dictionary if you need to.

Question 1.
Kina threw a stone and breaked the window.
Answer:
Kina threw a stone and breaked the window. – broke

Question 2.
I did not know the answer to the question but Riya knowed it.
Answer:
I did not know the answer to the question but Riya knowed it. – knew

Question 3.
When I seed John, he was reading a book.
Answer:
When I seed John, he was reading a book. – saw

Question 4.
Ann catched the ball.
Answer:
Ann catched the ball. – caught

Question 5.
Kumar’s dog was sick so he taked him to the vet.
Answer:
Kumar’s dog was sick so he taked him to the vet. – took

Question 6.
The dog sitted in the car quietly.
Answer:
The dog sitted in the car quietly. – sat

D. Fill in the blanks with the simple past forms of the verbs in brackets.

Question 1.
They. ………………………….. for three hours. (shop)
Answer:
They shopped for three hours.

Question 2.
The cat ………………………….. out of the window. (jump)
Answer:
The cat jumped out of the window.

Question 3.
Joy ………………………….. he was sorry. (say)
Answer:
Joy said he was sorry.

Question 4.
They ………………………….. their vacation well. (plan)
Answer:
They planned their vacation well.

Question 5.
The horse ………………………….. away. (gallop)
Answer:
The horse galloped away.

Simple Future Time Exercise For Class 7

Simple future time is used to talk about actions that have not begun yet. We use helping verbs and sometimes even other tenses to express future time.
Examples:

• Mary will sing at the party.
• We are going to be late.
• The boat leaves in 10 minutes.

Will
We use the modal verb will when we intend to do something or promise to do something in future time. The base form of the verb follows will.
Examples:

• Father: Your room is a mess.
• Gopal: I will clean it this Sunday.
• Teacher: What about your assignment, Sheela?
• Sheela: I will submit it tomorrow, Sir.

We can use the contraction of the subject noun and the verb will.
Examples:

• I have left the window open. I’ll go and shut it.
• He is tired. He’ll take a taxi and go home.

In negative sentences, we use the negative word not with will or the contraction won’t.
Examples:

• I will not fight with you anymore.
• We don’t know what he wants. He won’t tell us.
• Seema is tired but she won’t go to bed. She will finish her homework first.

E. Write questions to get the given answers.

Question: …………………………………………………………………………………………..
Answer: No, it won’t rain tomorrow.

Question: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. (Form a negative question.)
Answer: No, she won’t be late tomorrow.

Question: …………………………………………………………………………………………..
Answer: Yes, they will win the game.

Question: …………………………………………………………………………………………..
Answer: We won’t be unkind to the poor.

Question: …………………………………………………………………………………………..
Answer: Thank you, but I just had tea so I won’t.
Answer:
Question: Will it rain tomorrow?
Answer: No, it won’t rain tomorrow.

Question: Will she be late tomorrow?
Answer: No, she won’t be late tomorrow.

Question: Will they win the game?
Answer: Yes, they will win the game.

Question: How will you treat the poor?
Answer: We won’t be unkind to the poor.

Question: Will you have some juice?
Answer: Thank you, but I just had tea so I won’t.

Going to
We use going to + verb structure when we have already decided or planned to do something. We can also use it to predict what is going to happen.
Examples:

• Shelly and her friends are going to ride in a submarine.
• It is going to rain today.

F. Complete the following passage using (be) going to or will.

Shelly and her friends are headed to the dock. From there, they ……………………………. catch a boat. The boat ……………………………. take them to their submarine. The submarine ……………………………. be waiting for them in the middle of the harbour. Shelly and her friends ……………………………. board the submarine.

The submarine ……………………………. go deep below the surface of the sea. Shelly and her friends ……………………………. see wonderful creatures. They ……………………………. have so much fun!
Answer:
Shelly and her friends are headed to the dock. From there, they are going to catch a boat. The boat will take them to their submarine. The submarine will be waiting for them in the middle of the harbour. Shelly and her friends are going to board the submarine.

The submarine will go deep below the surface of the sea. Shelly and her friends are going to see wonderful creatures. They will have so much fun!

G. Complete the following sentences using the correct form of be + going to to express future time.

Question 1.
Look at those dark clouds. It ……………………………. (rain).
Answer:
Look at those dark clouds. It is going to rain.

Question 2.
The teacher likes this play. We ……………………………. (stage) it next week.
Answer:
The teacher likes this play. We are going to stage it next week.

Question 3.
My birthday is approaching. I ……………………………. (invite) all my friends for a party.
Answer:
My birthday is approaching. I am going to invite all my friends for a party.

Question 4.
Shashi’s laptop is not working any more. He ……………………………. (buy) a new one.
Answer:
Shashi’s laptop is not working any more. He is going to buy a new one.

Question 5.
It is Akriti’s birthday next week. Her brother Raghav and their mother ……………………………. (visit) her at the hostel.
Answer:
It is Akriti’s birthday next week. Her brother Raghav and their mother are going to visit her at the hostel.

Continuous Tenses Exercise For Class 7

Present Continuous Tense

We use the present continuous tense to talk about things that are happening as we speak.
Examples:

• Pari is swimming in the pool.
• A bird is flying towards us.

The present continuous tense can be used in the following ways:

1. It describes an action that has been happening for some time. It means the action began in the near past, it is happening today and may continue to happen tomorrow also.
Example:

• I am taking driving classes these days.

2. It describes an action that is scheduled to take place in the near future.
Example:

• Feli is meeting Liana for lunch tomorrow.

3. It can also be used to describe actions that are typical of a person, place or thing. It is usually accompanied by always after the helping verb.
Example:

• It is always raining in London.

The present continuous tense is formed by adding is/am/are after the subject, followed by the base form of the verb + – ing.

A. Fill in the blanks by choosing the suitable forms of verbs in the following sentences.

Question 1.
Sahil ……………………………. (cooks/is cooking) dinner for all the guests. Let’s go and help him.
Answer:
Sahil. is cooking dinner for all the guests. Let’s go and help him.

Question 2.
Namita is a professional photographer. That is why she always ……………………………. (carries/is carrying) a camera.
Answer:
Namita is a professional photographer. That is why she always carries a camera.

Question 3.
We won’t join you for your trip to Ladakh next month. We ……………………………. (go/are going) there next week!
Answer:
We won’t join you for your trip to Ladakh next month. We are going there next week!

Question 4.
The school ……………………………. (remains/is remaining) closed on weekends.
Answer:
The school remains closed on weekends.

Question 5.
Mahi is a brilliant playwright. These days, she ……………………………. (works/is working) on a play about a woman who becomes invisible.
Answer:
Mahi is a brilliant playwright. These days, she is working on a play about a woman who becomes invisible.

Question 6.
Both the local football teams have made it to the finals. They ……………………………. (playing/are playing) each other tomorrow.
Answer:
Both the local football teams have made it to the finals. They are playing each other tomorrow.

Question 7.
Usually, Joy ……………………………. (reaches/is reaching) work on time. But he ……………………………. (runs/is running) late today.
Answer:
Usually, Joy reaches work on time. But he is running late today.

Question 8.
Bruno ……………………………. (does not sleep/is not sleeping) in his kennel today.
He ……………………………. (sleeps/is sleeping) in my room. He is afraid of the thunder.
Answer:
Bruno is not sleeping in his kennel today. He is sleeping in my room. He is afraid of the thunder.

Difference Between Simple Present And Present Continuous

Note that the simple present tense is used to describe habitual actions, and the present continuous tense is used to describe actions taking place at the time of speaking.

Jane walks to school every day. (simple present to describe Jane’s habit) Jane is walking to school right now. (present continuous to describe Jane’s action right now)

Some words (such as every day, sometimes, always, often, usually, mostly) feature more often with the simple present than with the present continuous. Similarly, words like today, now, right now are mostly used with the present continuous.

Do you go to the park every day? (simple present tense) Are you going to the park today? (present continuous tense) When not to use present continuous Do not use the present continuous tense for the verbs describing our senses (such as, see, hear, smell, taste) even if they describe the action at the moment.

This chocolate tastes bitter. ✓
This chocolate is tasting bitter. ✗
I see a picture. ✓
I am seeing a picture. ✗
I hear a knock. I am hearing a knock. ✗

Note that listen and look can be used in the present continuous tense if they refer to actions.
I am looking at the picture. Joseph is listening to a story.

Do not use the present continuous tense for the verbs which describe our feelings or emotions (such as feel, like, fear, love, wish, care, hate, want, respect), even if they describe the action happening at the moment.

Kaustav cares about his parents. ✓
Kaustav is caring about his parents. ✗
I want an ice cream. ✓
I am wanting an ice cream. ✗
Deepa loves skiing. Deepa is loving skiing. ✗

Do not use the present continuous tense with verbs which describe mental states (such as agree, know, remember, think, trust, understand, find, mean).
Leslie knows that gentleman. ✓
Leslie is knowing that gentleman. X
Roli understands the poem very well. ✓
Roli is understanding the poem very well. ✗
Sourav doesn’t like Nitin, but he trusts him. ✓
Sourav is not liking Nitin, but he is trusting him. ✗

Do not use the present continuous tense with verbs that denote possession (such as have, own, possess, belong).
Mary Jane owns a car. ✓
Mary Jane is owning a car. ✗
Sally has two sisters and one brother. ✓
Sally is having two sisters and one brother. ✗

The house belongs to Mr Verma. ✓
The house is belonging to Mr Verma. ✗

B. Identify and underline errors in the following passage about seagrass. Write the correct form of the verb on the right.

Just like we are having grass on land, we also 1. ………………………….
are having seagrass on the ocean floor. These are 2. ………………………….
types of flowering plants that are growing in shallow 3. ………………………….
waters. They are needing sunlight to make food for 4. ………………………….
themselves. That is why they are growing only in coastal 5. ………………………….
waters. They are providing food and shelter to a number of marine/aquatic animals. 6. ………………………….
Answer:
1. have
2. have
3. grow
4. need
5. grow
6. provide

Past Continuous Tense Exercise For Class 7

We use the past continuous tense to talk about actions that were happening at some point in the past, but whose completion is either not mentioned or the actions were not completed at the point we are referring to.
Examples:

• The sun was shining. (no mention of completion of the action)
• We were watching TV at 8 p.m. yesterday.

The past continuous tense is formed by adding was/were after the subject, followed by the base form of the verb + – ing.

To form negative sentences in the past continuous tense, we add not after the helping verb. Then we add the main verb in its base form with-ing.
Examples:

• Megha was playing a video game. (affirmative)
• Megha was not playing a video game. (negative)
• Megha wasn’t playing a video game. (negative with contraction)

To form yes/no questions in the past continuous tense, we begin the sentence with the helping verbs was or were. The subject comes after the helping verb, and then the main verb in – ing form.

• Was Sheetal reading this comic book? (positive question)
• Weren’t you waiting at the bus stop? (negative question)

To form wh – questions, we begin the sentence with the wh – word, followed by a helping verb. Then the subject comes, followed by the main verb in its – ing form.

Where were they dancing?

• (wh-word) (helping verb) (subject) (verb + – ing)

Which book was Shailja reading?

• (wh-word) (helping verb) (subject) (verb + – ing)

C. Choose the appropriate verb form to complete the following sentences.

Question 1.
Uma ………………………… (ran/was running) to class when she ………………………… (fell/was falling) down.
Answer:
Uma was running to class when she fell down.

Question 2.
What ………………………… (were/was) John ………………………… (did/doing) when the bus ………………………… (drove/was driving) away?
Answer:
What was John doing when the bus drove away?

Question 3.
The students ………………………… (were making/was making) a lot of noise when the teacher ………………………… (entered/was entering) the class.
Answer:
The students were making a lot of noise when the teacher entered the class.

Future Continuous Tense Exercise For Class 7

We use future continuous tense to talk about events or actions that will be taking place at a point in future. In other words, it talks about an action that will be in progress at a given point in future.
Example:

• Sarthak will be going to the beach next week.
• (subject) (will + be) (verb + – ing)

The negative form of the future continuous tense can be written by adding a not after the helping verb.
Example:

• I have a sore throat. I will not be singing at the event tomorrow.

The interrogative form of the future continuous tense can be written as follows. Notice the position of the subject in relation to the helping verb.

Will you be singing at the event tomorrow?

• (will) (subject) (be) (verb + – ing)

Will you are not singing at the event tomorrow?

• (will) (subject) (not) (be) (verb + – ing)

Where will you be singing tomorrow?

• (wh-word) (will) (subject) (be) (verb + – ing)

Perfect Tenses

Perfect tenses talk about actions that have just been completed (present perfect tense), actions that were completed in the past before a particular moment (past perfect tense) and actions that will be completed before a given future moment (future perfect tense).

Examples:

• The eels have increased their speed.
• I had told her about the plan before she left.
• By the time they reach the sea, the baby eels will have grown up.

Difference between Simple Past Tense and Present Perfect Tense
Difference between Present Continuous Tense and Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Difference between Past Perfect Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense and Future Perfect Tense

A. Identify the mistakes in the following sentences. Underline them and rewrite the correct sentences. The sentences should be in the present perfect tense.

Question 1.
My brother have changed schools.
Answer:
My brother have changed schools. – My brother has changed schools.

Question 2.
Anushka has went to Kolkata for the holidays.
Answer:
Anushka has went to Kolkata for the holidays. – Anushka has gone to Kolkata for the holidays.

Question 3.
Milind has gave me a really nice birthday present.
Answer:
Milind has gave me a really nice birthday present. – Milind has given me a really nice birthday present.

Question 4.
Sorry, I forgotten the song.
Answer:
Sorry, I forgotten the song. – Sorry, I have forgotten the song.

Question 5.
Mayur and his friend has read these books.
Answer:
Mayur and his friend has read these books. – Mayur and his friend have read these books.

B. Read the following conversation and choose the correct forms of the given verbs to fill in the blanks.

Ritu: I met our new neighbor yesterday. She is from Chennai.
Mayank: I ……………………………….. (not meet) her yet. But I ……………………………….. (hear) her name. She is a famous author.
Ritu: Is she? I ……………………………….. (not read) any of her books.
Mayank: I am surprised. She ……………………………….. (write) two hundred books.
Ritu: Oh! Tell me the names of some of her books. I could ……………………………….. (read) one of them.
Answer:
Ritu: I met our new neighbor yesterday. She is from Chennai.
Mayank: I have not met her yet. But I have heard her name. She is a famous author.
Ritu: Is she? I have not read any of her books.
Mayank: I am surprised. She has written two hundred books.
Ritu: Oh! Tell me the names of some of her books. I could have read one of them.

C. Choose the correct verb forms to complete the sentences below.

Question 1.
Minu ……………………………….. (has finished/finishes) her work just now.
Answer:
Minu has finished her work just now.

Question 2.
Enna ……………………………….. (has finished/finished) her work last night.
Answer:
Enna finished her work last night.

Question 3.
I ……………………………….. (have switched/switched) the TV off. Now you can read in peace.
Answer:
I have switched the TV off. Now you can read in peace.

Question 4.
Tarun ……………………………….. (has left/left) the house about an hour ago.
Answer:
Tarun has left the house about an hour ago.

Question 5.
I ……………………………….. (have lost/lost) my wallet yesterday. Can I borrow some money from you?
Answer:
I lost my wallet yesterday. Can I borrow some money from you?

Question 6.
The President ……………………………….. (has reached/reached) the capital last week. But he (has not made/made) any announcements yet.
Answer:
The President reached the capital last week. But he has not made any announcements yet.

Question 7.
Although Niti ……………………………….. (had written/wrote) the essay last night, he left his notebook at home.
Answer:
Although Niti had written the essay last night, he left his notebook at home.

Question 8.
The Kapoors ……………………………….. (lived/have lived) in Landour since the 1970s.
Answer:
The Kapoors have lived in Landour since the 1970s.

Question 9.
Rhea ……………………………….. (has not worn/did not wear) that hat in four years.
Answer:
Rhea has not worn that hat in four years.

D. Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with suitable forms of the verb. Use simple present, simple past and the present perfect tenses, wherever suitable. Don’t forget to add helping verbs wherever required.

The Great Pacific Garbage patch ……………………………….. (be) a mass of plastic debris and other forms of garbage floating in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. It ……………………………….. (discover) by Charles Moore in 1997. He ……………………………….. (be) a sailor participating in a yacht race. ……………………………….. (take) a shortcut and ……………………………….. (come) across floating pieces of garbage that extended over several miles. The sight ……………………………….. (change) him forever. Now he ……………………………….. (work) to raise awareness about it.

Efforts ……………………………….. (go) on to clean up the garbage, but the extent of the patch is beyond imagination. Many expeditions ……………………………….. (travel) to the patch for this purpose.

So far, scientists ……………………………….. (collect) up to 7,50,000 bits of plastic in a single square kilometre of the patch. Countless marine animals and birds ……………………………….. (die) so far due to strangulation, choking and suffocation. The culprit ……………………………….. (be) the same plastic garbage.
Answer:
The Great Pacific Garbage patch is a mass of plastic debris and other forms of garbage floating in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. It was discovered by Charles Moore in 1997. He was a sailor participating in a yacht race. He took a shortcut and came across floating pieces of garbage that extended over several miles. The sight changed him forever. Now he is working to raise awareness about it.

Efforts are going on to clean up the garbage, but the extent of the patch is beyond imagination. Many expeditions have travelled to the patch for this purpose.

So far, scientists have collected up to 7,50,000 bits of plastic in a single square kilometer of the patch. Countless marine animals and birds have died so far due to strangulation, choking and suffocation. The culprit is the same – plastic garbage.

E. Join the sentences using the past perfect continuous tense. Also, use the duration given in the brackets.

Question 1.
We slept. Mother woke us up. (two hours)
Answer:
We had been sleeping for two hours when Mother woke us up.

Question 2.
Jonah looked for his notebook. He found it under his bed. (since 7:00 in the morning)
Answer:
Jonah had been looking for his notebook since 7:00 in the morning when he found it under his bed.

Question 3.
The test match went on. It started raining. (for three days)
Answer:
The test match had been going for three days when it started raining.

Question 4.
Manasvi and her friends drove around. They ran out of petrol. (half a day)
Answer:
Manasvi and her friends had been driving around for half a day when they ran out of petrol.

Question 5.
The unrest went on in the capital. The movement began to spread to other parts of the country. (for a year)
Answer:
The unrest had been going on in the capital for a year when the movement began to spread to other parts of the country.

Formal Letter: A formal letter is a letter that has a formal purpose. It is the professional way of communicating and language usage is also formal. It is mainly used for professional and official letters.

Basic English Grammar rules can be tricky. In this article, we’ll get you started with the basics of sentence structure, punctuation, parts of speech, and more.

We also providing Extra Questions for Class 9 English Chapter wise.

Letter writing is an essential skill. Despite the prevalence of emails and text messages, everyone has to write letters at some point. Letters of complaint, job applications, thank you letters, letters requesting changes or – making suggestions – the list goes on and on. Encouraging children to write letters from an early age will improve their communication, social and handwriting skills, and teach them what they need to know about writing and structuring letters.

Formal Letter Writing Topics for Class 9 Format, Samples, Examples PDF

Format:

Sender’s address Address of addressee Date Dear Sir/Madam Subject: ……………………………………….. Body of Letter: 1. Statement of the problem (Through the columns of your newspaper…) (I was to read …) (With reference to the news report ……………………………….. dated ……………………………….., I was to read …) 2. Results of the problem ……………………………….. has led to ……………………………….. As a result ……………………………….. 3. Causes 4. Suggestions I feel ……………………………….. In my opinion ……………………………….. I suggest ……………………………….. 5. Write the letter informal language. 6. Write in three paragraphs. Problem Results Solution 7. Closing statement I hope ……………………………….. Yours faithfully/sincerely ……………………………………………….

Formal Letter Writing Topics Sample Letter for Class 9 CBSE

Read the following newspaper item:

‘Inactive’ police leave field wide open for forest mafia

The wildlife mafia have succeeded in penetrating the very heart of the Corbett National Park. At least that is the impression one gets following a recent incident when several shots were fired at forest officials tailing an injured tusker in the Dhela area. The alarming incident confirmed their worst fears that poachers, who had mercilessly poisoned two elephants last December, were still very active in the area. All indications point to the possibility that they, too, were chasing the 25-year-old tusker, who eventually bled to death. The police is doing precious little to trace the poachers.

After reading the newspaper article, you read about the poaching of wildlife in sanctuaries on the Internet.

You found out the following facts:

• Spiraling prices of ivory in the international market
• Indian ivory, being softer, fetches a higher price in the international market
• Demand comes in from China and Japan
• Need to increase awareness among buyers

Write a letter to the editor of the Hindustan Times on the evils of poaching. Do not exceed 120 words.

Formal Letter Writing Topics Practice Letter for Class 9 CBSE

1. Read the news report given below.

What Ails the Indian Youth? The Indian youth in the cities is getting more and more disillusioned with life and taking recourse to ways and means of making easy money. They indulge in anti-social acts such as bag-snatching, drug-peddling, and so on.

Based on the news item given, your own ideas, and ideas from the Main Course Book Unit ‘Children’, write a letter to the editor of the Daily Times on the condition of Indian youth today. Do not exceed 120 words.

2. You are one of the regular visitors to public places such as government libraries and public parks. You are disappointed to see the unkempt surroundings. Write a letter to the Deputy Commissioner requesting him to look into the matter.

You are P. Ramakrishnan/P. Parvathi of A-34, Xth Cross, Hardanhalli, Bangalore. Do not exceed 120 words.

3. The following table gives us some information about the various causes of environmental degradation. Using this information, write a letter to the editor of a local daily about the need to take urgent steps to stop pollution.

Local problems			Global problems
Hydrosphere	Atmosphere	Ground
Eutrophication, pollution of subterranean water, troublesome decomposition of materials, pollution by heavy metals, crude oil, and waste oil, composite pollution	Gases that create the greenhouse effect, acid rain, bad-smelling materials, floating allergic materials	Troublesome chemical materials, troublesome organisms, waste, pollution of heavy metals, destruction of forests, acidification of the soil	Gases that create the greenhouse effect (CO2, CH4, N2O), acid rain (NOx SOx), destruction of tropical forests, sea contamination

Determiners are words that come before nouns. They contain several classes of words, including pronouns and adjectives. They determine or limit the noun by giving some additional information about it. Determiners show whether a noun refers to is a general or a specific object, person, or place. They indicate which or how many things the noun refers to. Determiners define or limit a noun to the singular or plural. They indicate the amount or quantity. Determiners and nouns together make noun phrases. They make noun phrases with adjectives too. Determiners may precede numerals too.

Basic English Grammar rules can be tricky. In this article, we’ll get you started with the basics of sentence structure, punctuation, parts of speech, and more.

We also providing Extra Questions for Class 10 English Chapter wise.

Determiners Exercises With Answers for Class 10 CBSE PDF

Determiners are words placed in front of a noun so that what the noun is referring to can be defined. The word “books’ by itself is a general reference to some books. If we say “these books’, we know what books we are talking about. If we say ‘some books’, we refer to a certain set of books. Here ‘these’ and ‘some are determiners.

Note: Little, a Little, the little.

• Little is a negative adjective and means “not much”, e.g.
  He had little money (not much money).
• A little is an affirmative adjective, and means “some at least”, e.g.
  He had a little money (some money at least, although the amount was small).
• The little implies two statements one negative, and the other affirmative.
  He spent the little money he had.

That is

• The money he had was not much. (Negative)
• He spent all the money that he had. (Affirmative)

Determiners can be categorised into several categories like –
Definite and Indefinite Articles: Definite – “the”. Indefinite – ‘a’, ‘an’.
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
Possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
Quantifiers: a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough, etc.
Numbers: one, two, thirty, etc.
Distributives: either, neither, each, every, half, both, all, etc.
Words which show the difference: other, another
Question words: which, what, whose
Words which define: which, whose, etc.

Determiners Exercises Solved Example With Answers for Class 10 CBSE

Diagnostic Test – 19

Read the following dialogue and fill in the blanks by selecting the appropriate option.

Question 1.
Sahil: Will you get (a) …………………………. orange in the market?
Mother: If I get, I will buy (b) ………………………….
Sahil: Please take (c) …………………………. keys also along.
Answer:
(d) any
(b) some
(c) the

Score: For each correct answer award yourself Vi mark. 3-2 good 2-1 fair l or less you need to develop grammar skills through adequate practice

Using Articles with Countable and Uncountable Nouns
A countable noun always takes either the indefinite (a, an) or definite (the) article when it is singular. When plural, it takes the definite article (the) if it refers to a definite, specific group and no article if it is used in a general sense.
Examples:

• The guest of honour has arrived.
• I am expecting a guest for dinner.
• The guests are about to arrive.
• Guests are welcome anytime.

Uncountable nouns never take the indefinite article (a, an), but they do take singular verbs. The is sometimes used with uncountable nouns in the same way it is used with plural countable nouns, that is, to refer to a specific object, group, or idea.
Examples:

• The Internet helps us to access information from any part of the world.
• The information that you gave me was incorrect.
• Sugar has become cheaper.
• Please put the sugar in the pot.

Quantitative Adjectives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns

1. Some, any
Both words modify either countable or uncountable nouns.
Examples:

• There are some biscuits in the tin. (countable)
• There is, some water in the bottle, (uncountable)
• Do you serve any drinks here? (uncountable)
• Did you eat any mangoes? (countable)

2. Much, many
Much modifies only uncountable nouns.
Examples:

• How much money do you have in the bank?
• They ate so much food that they are feeling sick.

Many modifies only countable nouns.
Examples:

• How many children are there in this school?
• I saw many books at the Book Fair.
• Many Indians work in Europe.

3. A lot of, lots of
These words are informal substitutes for much and many.
Examples:

• She sends you lots of love, (uncountable)
• A lot of Indians travel to Europe, (countable)

4. Little, few, quite a few
Little modifies only uncountable nouns.
Examples:

• We had a little ice cream after lunch.
• She offered little help for my problem.

Few and quite a few modify only countable nouns.
Examples:

• A few teachers from this school have studied abroad.
• Few teachers from this school give private tuitions. (meaning ‘only a small number’)
• Quite a few teachers from this school give private tuitions, (meaning ‘a large number’)

5. A little bit of, quite a bit of
These informal phrases usually precede uncountable nouns. Quite a bit o/has the same meaning as quite a little and is used more commonly.
Examples:

• There’s a little bit of salt in the curry.
  (meaning ‘a small amount’)
• There’s quite a bit of pepper in the curry.
  (meaning ‘a large amount’)

6. Enough
This word modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
Examples:

• I don’t have enough tomatoes to make the sauce, (countable)
• We have enough oil to make the sauce, (uncountable)

7. Plenty of
This term modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
Examples:

• There are plenty of fruits on the trees, (countable)
• He has plenty of money in the bank, (uncountable)

8. No
This word modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
Examples:

• There were no dogs in the park today, (countable)
• We have no information about the meeting, (uncountable)

Hence, we conclude:

1. Countable singular: each, every, any, one
2. Countable plural: some, any, most, more, all, a lot of, no, both, several, few/fewer/fewest, a few, a couple of
3. Uncountable: much, less, little, a little, very little, some, any, most, more, all, a lot of, no, none of the

Diagnostic Test – 20

Fill in the blanks using suitable determiners from those given in the brackets.

(a) Ann has candies, (any/some)
(b) Bill doesn’t have money, (any/many)
(c) Sue will give us information, (some/several)
(d) There is milk in the fridge, (a lot of/few)
(e) I saw people at the railway station, (many/one)
(f) of the cars parked here belong to this company, {none!every)
Answer:
(a) some
(b) any
(c) some
(d) a lot of
(e) many
(f) None

Score: For each correct answer award yourself 1/2 mark. 3 – 2 good 2 – 1 satisfactory 1 or less you need to develop grammar skills through adequate practice

Determiners Exercises Practice Example With Answers for Class 10 CBSE

1. Fill in the blanks using suitable determiners wherever required.

(a) People.usually ask, ‘How (i) …………………………….. bird species are there in Delhi?’ and look at you as if you’ve lost your marbles when you say, that over 500 species have been recorded from Delhi state altogether, though (ii) …………………………….. more contemporary score would be a little over 400. Four hundred species, they say, or 400 birds, or is this just (iii) …………………………….. usual arrogance of people from (iv) …………………………….. capital, wanting to hog the limelight (v) …………………………….. the time. Well, Delhi ranks second only to Nairobi (Kenya, Africa) regarding the number of species that can be seen in (vi) …………………………….. capital city in the world.

(b) Global warming could wipe out (i) …………………………….. quarter of (ii) …………………………….. million species of plants and animals on earth by 2050 in (iii) …………………………….. biggest mass extinctions since the dinosaurs, according to (iv) …………………………….. international study. The United Nations said the report highlights (v) …………………………….. threats to creatures ranging from Australian butterflies to Spanish eagles.

2. Fill in the blanks using suitable determiners.
(a) …………………………….. children were asked to knit …………………………….. pair of socks for …………………………….. Annual Jumble Sale in the church.

(b) …………………………….. rain caught him unawares even though he was carrying …………………………….. umbrella in his hand and …………………………….. raincoat in his bag.

(c) …………………………….. children were playing in the playground, yet …………………………….. of them saw …………………………….. UFO land on the nearby field.

(d) I saw …………………………….. birds Sitting on …………………………….. roof of …………………………….. orange house. …………………………….. of them were sitting in one line while others were pecking at …………………………….. grains that had been scattered on …………………………….. roof. Surprisingly, …………………………….. of them moved when I walked towards them. I felt either they were tame or they had not seen me.

A speech is used to convey information orally to a number of people. The purpose of a speech is:

• to convince the listeners about the speaker’s point of view
• to pass on a wide range of information
• to express an opinion, share a point of view, experience, observation, etc.

Basic English Grammar rules can be tricky. In this article, we’ll get you started with the basics of sentence structure, punctuation, parts of speech, and more.

Speech Writing Class 8 Format, Examples, Topics, Exercises PDF

Parts of a speech

1. Salutation: This is where the speaker greets the chief guests, fellow speakers and audience.
2. Key sentence: It is the central theme or the key issue of the speech. Since this introduces your speech, it should be catchy.
3. Body: You will need supporting data to make the speech credible and interesting. This should reflect clarity of thought, accuracy of facts and a balanced view, unless it is a debate that calls for an one-sided stand.
4. Conclusion: It should be brief, consolidate ideas, personal observations and predictions, with a catchy and striking end.
5. Thanking the audience: One needs to thank the audience at the end of the speech.

Format of a speech

1. Opening statement (Good Morning …)
2. Main speech
   • Statement of problem
   • Causes of problem
   • Results
   • Suggestions
3. Concluding remarks

Remember!

• Use simple language and involve the audience.
• Do not exceed the word limit.

A speech is merely a one-sided discussion, in which one person constructs a talk on a given topic and presents it to an audience.

A debate, on the other hand, is a discussion between opposing sides. In a debate, you present viewpoint within a given time slot. One gets some time for each side to cross-examine the other, which is the rebuttal round.

Starting
• Chairperson, Members of the Jury, Teachers and my dear friends

Body

• I strongly support/reject/oppose the motion …
• Firstly, speaking for/against the topic …
• My worthy opponent has just pointed out … But I feel
• Although my opponent may feel …

Conclusion

• Summing up …
• Finally, I would like to say that …

Writing task
A. Your school is celebrating the “Save Earth Week’. You have to give a speech in the morning assembly on the topic ‘Save Earth, Save Life’. Use the prompts given below to write the speech.

• natural resources depleting every day
• dumping waste indiscriminately
• pollution—land, water, air, noise, light
• resulting in diseases/ill-health
• flora and fauna perishing
• need to wake up before it’s too late

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Answer:
Encourage the students to use their creativity and formulate their own answers.

Save Earth, Save Life

Earth is our home, and we have nowhere else to live. Mother earth is our nurturer and our nourisher. However, the truth is that our mother is in a deplorable state. Yes, environmental changes are real. Everything that we do, all of our activities, affect the environment. Some of this is inevitable, and there’s not much we can do about it. But most of this is caused by our callousness and unbounded greed. Our natural resources are depleting day by day. And we must ensure that we leave it intact for our future generations.

Sustainable development is the need of the hour. We must plant more trees and find more sustainable alternatives to the use of fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and diesel. Reforestation should be encouraged, and deforestation should be penalized. Growth should not happen at the cost of our environment. We need to spread awareness on this matter at the grassroots levels. We must save our planet earth by saving our trees, natural vegetation, natural resources, water and electricity. Measures must be taken for controlling environmental pollution and global warming.

We need to reduce our use of paper, and also recycle it whenever we can. The use, of air conditioners, should be minimized, and electricity should never be wasted. Water pollution should also be kept in check by not throwing garbage in our water bodies. We must strive for safe and pure drinking water. Industries should ensure that their pollution level is always under control, and huge penalties must be laid on those who produce pollution levels beyond the permissible limits. Industry waste should also be treated carefully and then disposed off.

It is high time that we become aware of what we are doing to our environment. We need to take small steps individually to have a larger effect on our environment.

B. School uniforms are an important point of discussion these days. While some feel that they help maintain discipline and uniformity, some feel that they curtail a child’s right to freedom of expression. As the head boy/head girl, write for or against the topic—Uniforms Make Schools Better’. You can use the table given below to express your point of view.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Answer:
Encourage the students to use their creativity and formulate their own answers.

Uniforms Make Schools Better—For the Topic

It is a truth universally acknowledged that nobody would like to dress in the same kind of clothes every day. It is not exciting to wear the same shirt, blazer and tie day after day. But uniforms are not the drag that we make them out to be. The idea of a school uniform is neither new, nor exciting. But wearing it is like wearing a badge of honour, and should be a matter of pride for the students. It fills them with a sense of belongingness to a particular school or educational institute. It is often the first element of our identity in the outer world.

It shows that we identify with and endorse the values that a particular school or institute espouses. Uniforms teach a person to take pride in the identity that they have created. It helps each student to express their inner personality freely, and reduces dependence on their looks. It helps reduce peer pressure, because there is no competition to look better than the other person or follow the latest trend. It helps foster equality among all students and dispels groupism.

It helps reduce distraction among students, and helps them concentrate on what is actually important—their academic performance. It also helps in preventing bullying because of how someone dresses. Having a uniform can be a safety net for many students who might otherwise suffer from bullying. A strict uniform inculcates discipline among students, helping maintain a sense of order at school. Not only this, it makes it easier to identify intruders, thus making school a safe haven for all.

It also makes it easy for the students to dress up in the morning, and makes one look smart and dapper. School uniform isn’t fashionable, but that’s exactly why I think it should be here to stay.

Reported speech is when we express or say things that have already been said by somebody else.

Basic English Grammar rules can be tricky. In this article, we’ll get you started with the basics of sentence structure, punctuation, parts of speech, and more.

We also providing Extra Questions for Class 10 English Chapter wise.

Reported Speech Dialogue Exercises For Class 10 Cbse With Answers PDF

Reporting of the words of a speaker in one’s own words is called Narration. There are two ways of reporting what people say: Direct Speech and Indirect Speech. Direct Speech. The actual words of the speaker using quotation marks are called Direct Speech. Indirect Speech. When we convey the speaker’s words in our own words it becomes Indirect Speech. It is the reporting of speakers’ words, using a saying or asking verbs. In indirect, verbs giving or asking for instructing are often used with a to-infinitive construction. Verbs expressing intention may also be followed by a to-infinitive.

There are basically four types of sentences in which we can convert direct speech into Indirect speech.

1. Assertive Sentences (Statements)
2. Interrogative Sentences (Questions)
3. Imperative Sentences (Commands and Requests)
4. Exclamatory Sentences (Strong Feelings)

To convert a Direct speech into an Indirect speech, we have to make some necessary changes.
Change No.1. Remove the commas and inverted commas. Use any conjunction.

Change No.2. In Reported Speech, there are some words which show nearness, but they are always converted into words which show distance.

They are as follows:

Nearness		Distance
here	becomes	there
now	becomes	then
this	becomes	that
these	becomes	those
today	becomes	that day
tonight	becomes	that night
yesterday	becomes	the previous day
last night	becomes	the previous night
last week	becomes	the previous week
tomorrow	becomes	the following day
next week	becomes	the following week
ago	becomes	before
thus	becomes	so
hence	becomes	thence
come	becomes	go

Note. ‘Come’ is changed into ‘go’ only in that case when any word showing nearness is given with it.
Change No. 3. Change of Person. There are three types of Person in English language which are as follows:

	Nominative	Possessive	Accusative
1. First-person	I we	my our	me us
2. Second Person	You	Your	You
3. Third Person	He she they it	his her their its	him her them it

Change No. 4. If the reporting verb is in Present or in Future Tense, there is no change in the tense of the Reported Speech. If the reporting verb is in Past Tense, there is always a change in the tense of the Reported Speech, which is as follows:

1. Present Indefinite is changed into Past Indefinite
2. Present Continuous is changed into Past Continuous
3. Present Perfect is changed into Past Perfect
4. Present Perfect Continuous is changed into Past Perfect Continuous
5. Past Indefinite is changed into Past Perfect
6. Past Continuous is changed into Past Perfect Continuous
7. Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous remain unchanged

In case of Future Tense, there are only four words which are changed, i.e.

will	becomes	would
shall	becomes	should
may	becomes	might
can	becomes	could

Changes based on the types of sentences.

1. Assertive Sentences (Statements)
Change No. 1. Remove the commas and inverted commas. Use conjunction ‘that’.
Change No. 2. Change the reporting verb ‘say into tell’, ‘says into tell’, ‘said into told’, if the reporting object is given in the sentence. But do not change the reporting verb if the reporting object is not given in the sentence.
Change No. 3. ‘Said to’ can be changed into told, replied, informed, stated, added, remarked, asserted, assured, reminded, complained, and reported, according to the meaning.
Change No. 4. Always remove “to’ from the reporting speech, e.g.

• He said to me, “I cannot help you in this matter.”
  He told me that he could not help me in that matter.
• He said, “My sister’s marriage comes off next month.”
  He said that his sister’s marriage would come off the following month.

2. Interrogative Sentences (Questions)

Change No. 1. Change the reporting verb ‘said ‘or ‘said to’into‘ asked’ or ‘inquired of’. In case of a single question, change it into ‘asked’ but in case of more than one question, change it into “inquired of’.
Change No. 2. Use conjunction ‘if’ or ‘whether’ if the reported speech starts with a helping verb. But do not use any conjunction if the reported speech starts with an interrogative word.
Change No. 3. Change the Interrogative sense into an Assertive sense.
Change No. 4. Remove ‘?’ question mark and use ‘ . ‘full stop, e.g.

• She said to her servant, “Is tea ready for me?”
  She asked her servant if tea was ready for her.
• She asked me, “Who teaches you English?”
  She asked me who taught me English.

3. Imperative Sentences (Commands and Requests)

Change No. 1. Change the reporting verb‘said’ or ‘said to’ into ordered, commanded, requested, advised, warned, forbade, suggested, encouraged, persuaded, begged, etc. according to the sense.
Change No. 2. Remove the commas and inverted commas, use conjunction ‘to’.
Change No. 3. Change the Imperative sense into Infinitive sense.
Change No. 4. Remove ‘do not and use ‘not to’ in case of Negative Imperative sentences, e.g.

• The teacher said to me, “Stand up on the bench.”.
  The teacher ordered me to stand up on the bench.
• The General said to the soldiers, “March forward and attack the foe.”
  The General ordered the soldiers to march forward and attack the foe.
• The gardener said to the boys, “Do not pluck the flowers.”
  The gardener forbade the boys from plucking the flowers.

4. Exclamatory Sentences (Strong Feelings)

Change No. 1. Change the reporting verb ‘said’ or ‘said to’ into “exclaimed with joy’ or ‘exclaimed with sorrow’, ‘cry out, “pray’, etc., according to the sense, i.e.

• Exclaimed with joy–in case of Aha! Ha! Hurrah!
• Exclaimed with sorrow–in case of Ah! Alas!
• Exclaimed with surprise–in case of Oh! What! How!
• Exclaimed with regret–in case of Sorry!
• Exclaimed with contempt–in case of Pooh! Pshaw!
• Applauded with saying–in case of Bravo! Hear!

Change No. 2. Use very or great by removing what or how.
Change No. 3. Use conjunction ‘that.
Change No. 4. Remove exclamatory word and exclamation sign ‘!’ The student must select the verb best suited to the sense or context, e.g.

• They said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”
  They exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
• She said, “Alas! I have lost my bridal ring.”
  She exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her bridal ring.
• She said, “How charming the scenery is!”
  She exclaimed with surprise that it was a very charming scenery.

Reported Speech Exercises Solved Example With Answers for Class 10 CBSE

Diagnostic Test – 29

Mother: Why are you looking so worried?
Daughter: My exams are approaching.
Mother: When will they start?
Daughter: Next month, Mother.

Mother asked her daughter (a) …………………… The daughter replied that (b) …………………… Mother further asked (c) …………………… The daughter told her mother that they would start in the following month.

Answer:
(a) why she was looking very worried
(b) her exams were approaching.
(c) when they would start.

Score: For each correct answer award yourself 1 mark. 4 – 5 good 3 or less you need to develop grammar skills through adequate practice

Letter writing is an essential skill. Despite the prevalence of emails and text messages, everyone has to write letters at some point. Letters of complaint, job applications, thank you letters, letters requesting changes or – making suggestions – the list goes on and on. Encouraging children to write letters from an early age will improve their communication, social and handwriting skills, and teach them what they need to know about writing and structuring letters.

Basic English Grammar rules can be tricky. In this article, we’ll get you started with the basics of sentence structure, punctuation, parts of speech, and more.

We also providing Extra Questions for Class 11 English Chapter wise.

Letter of Enquiry and Replies Class 11 Format, Topics, Samples

An inquiry letter is usually written to gain some information from the recipient. While writing an inquiry letter it is important to provide some information about yourself so that the recipient can authenticate the source of the inquiry.

Business Letters
There are various types of business letters. These include:

Letter of Enquiry and Replies Sample Examples for Class 11 CBSE

You are. Anand/Anandi of 22, Gandhi. Nagar, Chennai. You saw an advertisement about a course in spoken English, published in “The Times of India” by SPD, International Institute, 83, Meera Nagar Chennai-20. You wish to join the course. Write a letter to the advertiser, inquiring about the details you require. [NCT 2014]

22, Gandhi Nagar
Chennai

15 February 20XX

SPD International Institute
83, Meera Nagar Chennai
Dear Sir

Subject: Course in Spoken English

This is with reference to your advertisement in the Times of India of 14 February 20XX regarding a Spoken English course conducted by your institute.

I would like to know the fee, the duration of the course and other details. Kindly send me a prospectus at the above address.

I shall appreciate an early response.

Yours faithfully
Anand

You are Seetha/Surya living in Bangalore. You and your friends are planning a week-long holiday. You come across the following advertisement. Select a destination of your choice. Write a letter making necessary enquiries from the tour operator before you make your final decision.

28, The Mall
Bangalore
12 April 20xx
M/s Sewa Nath Worldwide Holidays
123 – A, Kailash Building,
Goverdhan Road,
City Centre, Malegaon.
Subject: Holiday package to Nepal

Dear Sir
This is with reference to your advertisement in The Daily Times for international holiday packages.
I am interested in visiting Nepal with my family during summer vacations. Before I make the final decision, I would like to know the answers to the following queries:

• What cities would one visit?
• Does 37,999 cover the cost of meals?
• What are the charges for children below 5 years?
• Would a guided tour of the historical places in the city be organised?
• Could we give the dates of our choice or do you have tours that leave on specific dates?

I shall confirm the dates after receiving communication from you. Looking forward to an early reply, Yours sincerely, Surya

You are Garima/Gaurang. You aspire to be a doctor and are interested in joining a tuition class that will prepare you for the entrance examination. You find the following advertisement in the newspaper. Complete the following letter seeking more information about the institute and coaching facilities offered by filling in the blanks using the clues given.

Looking for a Career in Medicine? Career Makers offer Correspondence Courses for: Pre – Medical Entrance Tests Admissions to the 1-year course open up to 30 April All requests to be accompanied by Class X mark sheet For Brilliant Success Contact: Career Makers 4, Defence Colony. South Delhi

Examination Hall
Delhi
3 March 20XX
The Director of Career Makers
4, Defence Colony
New Delhi

Dear Sir,
Subject: Enquiry about (a) …………………………… . I am a student of class XI and am interested in (b) …………………………… after my All India Senior Secondary School Examination. I would be obliged if you would (c) …………………………… at the earliest, as it will help me decide, without (d) …………………………….

(i) when the study material will be sent;
(ii) whether or not contact classes are held;
(iii) whether mock exams are conducted for practice;
(iv) fee structure.

I am enclosing (e) …………………………… as desired by you. I shall be looking forward (f) …………………………….

Yours faithfully,
Garima
Answer:
(a) the coaching facility for pre-medical test
(b) appearing for the pre-medical exams
(c) kindly give me the following information
(d) any delay
(e) the Class X certificate
(f) to an early response

Hints:

• any delay
• the Class X certificate
• the coaching facility for pre-medical test
• kindly give me the following information
• appearing for the pre-medical exams
• to an early response

Letter of Enquiry and Replies Practice Examples for Class 11 CBSE

1. You are Ritika, who has just passed out of class XII Humanities stream with an aggregate of 92%. You are not clear about the available options and courses in colleges. You have come across an advertisement on career counselling by eminent educationists. Write a letter to them, asking them for more details about vocational courses offered by the university. Do not exceed 150 words.

2. Deepak/Divya Khemani wishes to go on a holiday to a seaside resort. He/She sees the following advertisement and writes to Tara Travels requesting additional details.

As Deepak/Divya, write the letter to Tara Travels.

3. You are Rajesh Mehrotra, the managing director of V – Discover – an outfit that arranges adventure camps and treks for school and college students. You saw the following advertisement for prefabricated portable rooms. Write a letter to the managing director, Porta – Cab, inquiring about the size, material used, durability, strength, and the cost of rooms.

4. You are interested in learning fashion technology through a correspondence course. Write a letter in 150 words to the principal of the National Fashion Institute, C.R. Das Road, Nasik, inquiring about the details of fee and duration of the course. While writing, imagine yourself as Sangeet/Sangeeta Jain who is living at 15, Sangeet Bhawan, Janakpuri.

5. Your sister has just passed the All India Secondary School Examination of the CBSE. She is keen on joining an institute which may help in personality development. She consults her language teacher on the subject who advises hér to join The Centre for Creativity and Development for this purpose. Write a letter to the Director of the Centre, seeking necessary information about her admission to their eight weeks’ summer course in leadership.

B. Replying To An Enquiry

Sample Letter
You are the Sales Officer of Messrs Good Life Electronics, manufacturers of consumer products and appliances. You have received a letter from M/s Jagota Electronics of 14, Rajpur Road, Delhi, inquiring about the various models of stereo systems manufactured by your company and their rates. They also wish to know more about the credit facilities offered by your company. Reply to the enquiry.

6. A leading fashion jewellery manufacturer advertised for distributors of Italian fashion jewellery. They received a letter from Ms Anita Behl, proprietor of Ogan Apparels, Mall Road, Shimla. She wanted to know about the jewellery items being manufactured and the initial investment she would have to make for stocking the jewellery. Write a letter, answering her queries.

7. You are the Managing Director of Pearl Travels. Your company organises package tours to London and the Continent. You had advertised in The New Times about the packages/off-season discount being offered by your company. In response to your advertisement, you received a letter from Sri Kamayani School, Gurgaon, asking for the facilities provided by you for differently-abled children during travel. Reply to the letter giving details.

8. You are Asha Lata Khanna, the Principal of St John’s School, Faridabad. Your school is organising a cricket coaching camp during summer vacations. You have received the following letter in response to your circular. Reply to the letter.

1183, Sector 7 D Faridabad 29 April 20xx The Principal St John’s School Faridabad Subject: Enquiry about Cricket Coaching CampMadam, With reference to your Circular No. CC/S/05/04, I would like to know some further details of the camp. I will be grateful if you could provide the following details: duration of camp fees for the camp student: coach ratio Looking forward to an early reply, Yours sincerely, Yoganand Sharma

9. An advertising firm, M/s Creative Lines requires office space in Nehru Place. You are Mr Jagdish Kumar of S – 567, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi. You have a commercial flat in Nehru Place. Write a letter to the firm offering your flat for rent.

10. You are Francis D’Souza, General Manager of Pinto’s Lodge, 14, M.G. Road, Panaji, Goa. You received a letter from Dr Sanjeev Awasthi of 67/8, Gumti, Kanpur, inquiring about the availability of rooms from 22 – 27 December. Write a letter to Dr Awasthi regretting the non – availability of rooms during that period as all the double rooms in your lodge are already booked.

Letter writing is an essential skill. Despite the prevalence of emails and text messages, everyone has to write letters at some point. Letters of complaint, job applications, thank you letters, letters requesting changes or – making suggestions – the list goes on and on. Encouraging children to write letters from an early age will improve their communication, social and handwriting skills, and teach them what they need to know about writing and structuring letters.

Basic English Grammar rules can be tricky. In this article, we’ll get you started with the basics of sentence structure, punctuation, parts of speech, and more.

We have also provided Lost Spring Extra Questions and Answers Class 12 English Flamingo

Letter of Enquiry and Replies Class 12 Format, Topics, Samples

Letter of Enquiry Sample Example for Class 12 CBSE

You are interested in learning fashion technology through a correspondence course. Write a letter to the Principal of National Fashion Institute, C. R. Das Road, Nasik, inquiring about the details of the fees and duration of the Correspondence Course in Fashion Technology offered by them. Imagine yourself as Shreya Jain who is living at 15, Sangeet Bhavan, Janakpuri.

15, Sangeet Bhavan Janakpuri New Delhi 5 March 20XX The Principal National Fashion Institute Nasik Subject: Information regarding Correspondence Course in Fashion TechnologySir, I am interested in joining the Fashion Technology Course.With reference to your advertisement in. The Indian Times dated 1 March, I came to know that your institute offers training in fashion technology through correspondence. I have just cleared my Class XII Board Examination with an aggregate of 67%.Kindly send me the following details about the course: Duration of the course Course content Fees for the course and the details of payment Boarding/Lodging facility, if available In case there is a printed prospectus available, kindly mail it to me at my address. Looking forward to an early response. Yours faithfully Shreya Jain

Letter of Enquiry Solved Examples With Answer Class 12 CBSE

F.K. Publications
Faridabad

October 12, 20XX

The Manager
CCTV – Services Providers,
New Delhi

Subject: Request for information about CCTV products

Dear Sir/Ma’am,

We saw your product at the Pragati Maidan exhibition/and would like to know more about your CCTV products.

F.K. Publications is a publication company, specialising in books for children. We have shifted and moved to our new office in Faridabad and would like to set up a new security system inside the office premises. We are also planning to replace the old CCTV cameras near the entrance.

Could.you please send us your latest catalogue, with a full price list? We would also like to know if you can install and maintain your security systems. We would be grateful if you could also inform the time required for installing the product.

We look forward to hearing from you soon.

Thank you
Yours sincerely
N. Bhavani
(Purchase Manager)

Letter of Enquiry Practice Examples Class 12 CBSE

1. Monica, a class XII student from 15, Akbar Road, Shimla desires to be an actress. She has written to the National School of Drama, New Delhi seeking information about courses, admission procedures, eligibility criteria, fee structure, placement opportunities, etc. Write to her letter.

2. You are Mohan of Class XII. You are interested in pursuing a course in mass communication. You have seen an advertisement given by the Indian Academy of Mass Communication, Chennai, offering courses in journalism and mass communication. Write a letter to the Director enquiring about their courses, fee structure, placement opportunities, etc.

3. K.A. University offers a correspondence course leading to a diploma in wastewater management after 10+2. You are Deepak/Deepti Sinha. Write to the Director, Correspondence Course, K.A. University, for the brochure and prospectus, enquiring about the job opportunities after completing this course.

4. You are Piyush. You saw an advertisement regarding a course for training and preparing students for the TOEFL—Test of English as a Foreign Language. You wish to join the course. Write a letter to the Course Director of ‘A to Z in English’, 22, Gandhi Nagar, Chennai-20, enquiring about all the details that you require.

5. This summer vacation you are planning to visit Shimla. Write a letter to a travel agency in Shimla requesting them to book you a room in a five-star hotel. Give other details of your journey and facilities you require there. Sign your name as Leela Mohan, C/5, Mall Road, Assam.

6. Write a letter to the Managing Director, New Woodlands Hotel, Chennai, to find out the rates for conducting the XII class farewell party on their lawns, enquiring about the catering costs per head, service charges and advance to be paid.

(b) Replying to an inquiry

Sample Letter
You are the Purchase Officer of Matreja Stationery Mart. You have received a letter from Kalra Retailers enquiring about your rates and terms of supply of pencils, paper and carbon paper. Give a reply to the inquiry.

As the Manager of Youth Hostel, Bhopal, write a letter to Syed Shakir Iqbal, Head Boy of St. Fidelis School, Aligarh providing him the necessary information regarding the availability of rooms and charges.

(a) …………………………….. Youth Hostel Bhopal(b) …………………………….. St. Fidelis School Aligarh24 February 20XX Subject: (c) ……………………………..Sir, As per your inquiry about the (d) …………………………….. booked till 4 April. (e) …………………………….., we are full…………………………….. 5 to 9 April. (f) …………………………….. 1. 75 per day on a twin-sharing basis 2. 15 per day for a bed in the dormitory that can house fifteen boys. 3. (g) …………………………….. extra payment. (h) …………………………….. (i) …………………………….. Mark Robinson Manager

Answer:
(a) The Manager
(b) The Head Boy
(c) Availability of rooms and charges
(d) availability of rooms and charges
(e) However, we shall be able to accommodate you from
(f) The charges for the rooms are as follows:
(g) Meals can be provided for
(h) We look forward to receiving your bookings.
(i) Yours truly

Letter of Enquiry Practice Examples Class 12 CBSE

1. Your cousin Priyanka has just completed class X and has sought your advice on whether to opt for the humanities, science or commerce stream. Write a letter offering her advice on how to select a stream in the XI standard.

2. Write a letter to your penfriend who is coming to meet you for the first time, how he/she should recognize you. You will be waiting to receive him/her at the railway station.

3. You are Abhijay Prasad, Managing Director, New India Hotel, Goa. Write a letter to Sheeba Mathews, Head Girl of Crescent Public School, Cochin, answering her queries about your charges for hiring out your lawns, the catering costs per head, service charges and advance to be paid.

(c) Placing orders and sending replies

Sample Letter
You are Pratap Singh, Sports Instructor, Convent of Jesus and Mary, Bokaro. The Principal of the school has asked you to place an order for buying sports equipment. Write a letter to Messrs Lahore Sports, Kolkata.

Letter of Enquiry Practice Examples Class 12 CBSE

1. You are Satish/Sonali, the student prefect in charge of the school library. You have been asked to place an order for children’s storybooks (ages 10-13 yrs). Write a letter to M.S. Book Depot, Ramnagar, Bikaner placing an order for the books. Invent the necessary details.

2. Your school is proposing to purchase games and sports goods. As Sports Secretary of Springdales Senior Secondary School, write a letter placing an order for a few sports items (minimum 4) with M/s Sports & Sports Co., Patiala. You are Kartik/Kritika.

3. Write a letter to the Manager of the Grand Hotel, Shimla, asking him to reserve for you a double room from 5 April to 15 April 20XX. You are Aditya/Anandhi of Mysore.

4. You are the librarian of LWA Senior Secondary School, Pune. You want to purchase a dictionary, a book on computers, a book for preparing for competitive examinations and a book for IIT entrance examination for use of students and staff of your school. Place an order with M/s Higginbothams, Mumbai, giving the details regarding the mode of despatch and the mode of payment.

5. As Manager, Spring Blossom’s School, Dharwar, place an order for at least four items of school furniture. Write a letter to Curzon & Co., Furniture Manufacturers, Dharwar.

6. Read the following advertisement carefully.

You are Atisha Mahant, who has seen the details in the advertisement. Write a letter, placing an order, and requesting the advertiser for a demonstration of the products at home.

(d) Canceling orders

Sample Letter
You are Nikhil Gaur from Fab Garments, 22, Changspa, Leh. You placed an order with M/s Rajasthan Garments, Jaipur for the supply of 40 quilts. But the firm has delayed the execution of the order. Write a letter canceling the order.

1. You have placed an order for a few books with Central Bookshop, 10, Paharganj, New Delhi. You have not received the books so far. Write a letter to the bookshop complaining about the non-compliance of your order and canceling the same.

2. You had ordered 12,000 watches from M/s Tara Watch Co., Goregaon, Mumbai. The shipment of twelve thousand ‘Smartwatches was received by your company two days ago. However, the serious delay in delivery and the sub-standard goods supplied have caused you to disappoint several of your most valued customers. Write a letter to M/s Tara Watch Co. informing them that you are returning the watches and canceling the order.