Veerendra

Students can also check the English Summary to revise with them during exam preparation.

A Tale Of Two Cities Summary By Charles Dickens Analysis and Explanation

About the Author Charles Dickens

Very Short Summary of A Tale Of Two Cities By Charles Dickens

A Tale Of Two Cities Chapter Summary Introduction

A Tale of Two Cities is a historical fiction novel by the English writer Charles Dickens. It was published in 1859. The story is based on the French Revolution and takes place over seventeen years, starting from 1775 and ending in 1792.

The story begins in 1775 with a man named Jerry Cruncher, who works for Tellson’s Bank, stopping the Dover mail-coach in order to forward an urgent message to a man named Jarvis Lorry. The message from Cruncher is to inform Mr. Lorry that a young woman will meet him at Dover. Lorry responds to Cruncher by saying, “Recalled to Life.” Mr. Lorry meets with Lucie Manette the following day as she has some news about a property that belonged to her father, whom she believes died eighteen years ago. Lorry informs Lucie that her father is alive, contrary to her belief, and was imprisoned in the Bastille in France. On the other hand, Lucie’s mother had also passed away when she was only two years old, so she grew up thinking that both of her parents were gone forever.

The story then takes us to a poor Paris neighborhood named Saint Antoine. Inside a wine shop, we get introduced to Monsieur and Madame Defarge: the owners. Lorry and Lucie are also there, Mr. Defarge takes them upstairs to a small room where Lucie’s father, Dr. Manette: a man who is barely able to speak and spends all of his time making shoes; a skill he learned while imprisoned in the Bastille. Dr. Manette doesn’t know who Lucie is, although she reminds him of his wife. Nor does he recognize Mr. Lorry, his old friend. Lucie and Lorry smuggle Dr. Manette out of Paris and takes him to England.

After this, the story skips ahead by five years into 1780. A treason trial of a man named Charles Darnay is going on: he has been accused of passing English secrets to France. A man named John Barsad testifies against Darnay, the next person to testify is a man named Roger Cly, who formerly worked as Darnay’s servant. Cly states that he had seen Mr. Darnay show papers to various French gentlemen while working for him. The last person testifies, saying that he had seen Mr. Darnay in the mail coach to Dover five years before. Mr. Stryver, Darnay’s attorney, asks the witness if he mistook someone else for Mr. Darnay, but the man is sure that it was Mr. Darnay, himself. Mr. Stryver then asks Sydney Carton, his colleague, to stand up. Everyone at the court is surprised to see how much of a resemblance the two share, and the witness’ credibility breaks down. Mr. Stryver makes the case that Barsad and Cly were the spies, and Mr. Darnay gets acquitted. Afterward, Mr. Darnay and Sydney Carton go to a tavern together. Carton despises Darnay, as he is a reminder for Carton of everything he had given up and could have been.

In France, Marquis Evrémonde, Darnay’s uncle, runs down a plebeian child with his carriage but shows no regret for it. Instead, Evrémonde curses the peasantry and continues on to his chateau, where he waits for Darnay. Darnay arrives to the chateau later on in the day and condemns the vile treatment of the peasants by his uncle’s and the French aristocrats. He renounces the name Evrémonde and informs his uncle that he is going back to England. Later on in the night, Marquis is murdered, with a note being left that only has the word “Jacques” written, the nickname used by the French revolutionaries.

A year later, in 1781, Charles Darnay asks Dr. Manette, who has returned back to his normal life, for permission to marry his daughter, Lucie. Darnay gives his word that he will disclose his real identity if Lucie accepts. At the same time, Carton also professes his love for Lucie and states that even though he doesn’t have much and that his life is pretty much worthless, Lucie has helped him dream of a better and more valuable existence. In the meantime, Jerry Cruncher, who, aside from working for Tellson’s Bank, also works as a “Resurrection-Man, sneaks into the cemetery to steal and sell Roger Cly’s body as he had recently passed away. On the other hand, John Barsad, the other spy, comes by the Defarge’s wine shop. Barsad is hoping to get evidence for the revolution, which is still in secrecy for the most part.

At the same time, a confidential registry is being knitted by Madame Defarge at the shop, the registry contains the names of all those that the revolution plans on executing. In London, on the morning of the wedding, Darnay reveals to Manette his true identity, which leads to Manette relapsing into his old habit of making shoes. After nine days, however, he regains his senses and joins Charles and Lucie on their honeymoon. After returning from their honeymoon, Sydney Carton pays Darnay a visit to ask for his friendship. Charles promises Sydney that he is always welcome to their house, regardless of everything.

The story goes forward by eight years and comes to 1789, the peasants of France have stormed the Bastille, and the French Revolution has officially begun. The peasants target the aristocrats, and in doing so, imprisons Gabelle, a man charged for maintaining the Evrémonde estate after the passing of Marquis. Gabelle writes to Darnay three years later, asking to rescue him. Despite the dangers that he could potentially face, Darnay leaves for France at once.

Up on his arrival to France, the revolutionaries arrest Darnay as he is an emigrant. Lucie and Dr. Manette head to Paris at once, hoping to save Darnay. Dr. Manette uses his influence and the fact that he served time in the Bastille as a way to free Darnay, which proves to be successful as he gets acquitted. However, he is arrested once again on the same night. The charges this time was coming from the Defarge’s. Sydney Carton immediately comes to Paris with a plan to save Darnay and gets John Barsad to help him. We learn here that John Barsad is actually Solomon Pross, the long-lost brother of Miss Pross, the loyal servant who raised and looked after Lucie growing up.

At Charles Darnay’s trial, Defarge submits an old letter that he found in Dr. Manette’s former jail cell in the Bastille. The letter states that the cause of Manette’s imprisonment, which was the fact that the Evrémonde’s (Darnay’s father and uncle) called up Manette to look after a woman whom one of the brothers had sexually assaulted, and the woman’s brother who the same brother had stabbed, killing him in the process. In fear that Dr. Manette would report their crimes, the Evrémondes had him arrested and imprisoned. After hearing the story, Darnay gets castigated by the jury for the misdoings and crimes of his family. The judge sentences Darnay to execution within twenty-four hours. Back at the wine shop, Sydney Carton finds out that Lucie and her and Darnay’s daughter are also targeted for execution by Madame Defarge as well. It is here that we learn that Madame Defarge is the surviving sibling of the man and woman the Evrémondes had killed. Upon hearing this, Carton makes arrangements for the Manettes’ immediate departure from Paris.

He then visits Charles Darnay in prison, the two exchange clothes, and Darnay gets drugged. John Barsad, who is helping Carton with the plan, carries Darnay, disguised as Carton, to a coach that is waiting for him. At the same time, Carton, who is disguised as Darnay, is waiting for his execution. As Darnay, Lucie, their daughter, and Dr. Manette leave from Paris, Madame Defarge comes to Lucie’s apartment in hopes of arresting her. Instead, she finds the very protective Miss Pross, Lucie’s caretaker, and servant, a fight ensues between the two of them, and Madame Defarge ultimately dies from the bullet of her own gun. Sydney Carton gets executed, and the narrator concludes the story by saying that Carton died with the satisfaction of knowing that his life had meaning. That he died for a cause.

What is the main idea of the story a tale of two cities?

The main idea of A Tale of Two Cities is the concept of resurrection. Characters are brought metaphorically brought back to live throughout the novel. For example, Dr. Manette is freed from prison at the beginning of the novel, and Carton is spiritually resurrected at the end of the novel through his sacrifice.

What happened in a tale of two cities?

A Tale of Two Cities is a novel by Charles Dickens about Paris and London during the French Revolution. Jarvis Lorry travels to Paris to reunite Dr. Manette with his long-lost daughter, Lucie. … When Darnay returns to Paris to save a former servant, he is arrested by the revolutionaries and sentenced to death.

What does the ending of a tale of two cities mean?

By having Carton predict a future where his sacrifice will allow those “for which I lay down my life [to be] peaceful, useful, prosperous, and happy” and where France will be restored to peace and order, the novel ends with a sense of optimism rather than crushing defeat.

What is the climax of A Tale of Two Cities?

The climax of A Tale of Two Cities occurs during Darnay’s trial, which takes place in a Paris courtroom. … In this momentous scene it becomes obvious to the reader that Madame Defarge’s impertinent hate toward Darnay will only cease when Darnay is executed by the state or Madame Defarge herself dies.

What is the meaning of first paragraph of A Tale of Two Cities?

The first paragraph in the story of A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens seeks to bring out the nature of similarity and contrast that existed between England and France at that period, and presently when the author was working on the novel.

What is the main conflict in A Tale of Two Cities?

A Tale of Two Cities is structured around a central conflict between Charles Darnay’s desire to break free of his family legacy, and Madame Defarge’s desire to hold him accountable for the violent actions of his father and uncle.

Song of Myself Poem Summary in English and Hindi Written by Walt Whitman, Objective Questions and Answers Pdf, Poem Analysis, Meaning in Hindi, Line by Line Explanation, Themes, Figures of Speech, Critical Appreciation, Central Idea, Literary Devices.

Students can also check English Summary to revise with them during exam preparation.

Song of Myself Summary in English and Hindi Written by Walt Whitman

Song of Myself by Walt Whitman About the Poet

Walt Whitman (1819-1892) was the people’s poet. He is perhaps the most individualistic literary figure that America has ever produced. He began working as a carpenter before his twelfth birthday. He also worked as a printer, teacher and editor and was volunteer nurse during the Civil War. Whitman’s poetry, all of which is collected in Leaves of Grass, is known for its free rhythms and lack of rhyme. In 1881, after many editions Leaves of Grass finally found a publisher willing to print it uncensored. It was only after his death that he could win appreciation in America for his original and innovative expression of American individualism.

Song of Myself Summary in English

The poem “Song of Myself has been composed by Walt Whitman. He was the most individualistic literary figure that America has ever produced. He tells about himself in this poem.

The poet enjoys himself and sings for the self. But he is not different from others. He tells himself that every atom of his blood belongs to his soul. He always assumes everything which is right. He also says that every atom of blood is the same in all human beings. He wanders with his pain which grows when a spike comes and touches the skin.

Whatever he says, comes from his heart. He says that everyone in this world comes one by one. He always keeps feelings or thoughts in mind either good or bad. He is ready for every danger in his life. He accepts that life is not a bed of roses. It is full of difficulties and happiness as well. It is a finest gift given by God.

Here there are too many people who fight for the religion and the religious festivals. That is not good. Everyone should think that there is nothing in life. So always be happy and try to make others happy.

Song of Myself Poem Summary in Hindi

‘द सॉग ऑफ माइसेल्फ’ वाल्ट वीटमैन द्वारा रचित एक सुन्दर कविता है । “वीटमैन” व्यक्तिनिष्ठ साहित्य के सर्वोत्तम कवि थे। उनसे पहले अमेरिका में उनके समान किसी कवि ने जन्म नहीं लिया था। इस कविता में कवि ने अपने बारे में और उन लोगों के बारे में कहा है जो हमेशा उन बातों को मान लेते हैं जो सही होती हैं।

वह भटकते रहते हैं क्योंकि उन्हें ऐसे लोगों से दुःख होता है जो दूसरों को कष्ट देते हैं जैसे एक काँटा किसी के चमड़े में चुभाने से होता है – वे कहते हैं कि इस दुनिया में जितने भी लोग हैं एक दूसरे के वाद आये हैं। वे कहते हैं कि जीवन भगवान की अनुपम देन है ! इसे खुशीपूर्वक जीना चाहिए । हमें यह कोशिश करनी चाहिए कि हम स्वयं खुश रह और दूसरों को खुश करने की कोशिश करें।

What is the main idea of the poem Song of Myself?

“Song of Myself” by Walt Whitman celebrates the theme of democracy and the oneness of mankind, specifically the American people. As well, it represents Transcendentalist thought concerning mankind’s common soul. The poem also focuses on the theme that life is a journey to uncover one’s self, one’s identity.

What is Walt Whitman saying in Song of Myself?

In the lines you’ve given, it seems that Whitman is speaking of guiltless humanity–clear conscience and souls–must know who they are within themselves before they can recognize the beauty in humanity outside of the self.

Why is Song of Myself important?

“Song of Myself” might be the most egotistical poem ever written: it’s all about me, myself, and I. … The poem has also helped shape the idea of what it means to be an American. It is a “democratic” poem that draws all different kinds of people and places into itself and tries to forge them into a unity.

What does I symbolize in Song of Myself?

The ‘I’ or self is perhaps the single most important symbol in ‘Song of Myself’. The ‘I’ does not stand for the poet alone. It symbolizes the modern American, the modern man, or even Every man. It signifies a fusion of several characters, a composite character, which exists at no place other than in the poem.

What are the two main themes of Song of Myself?

Song of Myself Themes

• Identity. The word “identity” occurs only a couple of times in “Song of Myself,” but it is easily the central theme of this vast epic. …
• Visions of America. America was not just a place to Whitman, it was also an idea and a goal to shoot for. …
• Friendship. …
• Spirituality. …
• Sex.

Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower Poem Summary in English and Hindi Pdf. Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower Poem is written by William Wordsworth. Learncram.com has provided Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower Poem Objective Questions and Answers Pdf, Poem Ka Meaning in Hindi, Poem Analysis, Line by Line Explanation, Stanza Wise Summary, Themes, Figures of Speech, Critical Appreciation, Central Idea, Poetic Devices.

Students can also check English Summary to revise with them during exam preparation.

Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower Poem Summary in English and Hindi by William Wordsworth

Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower by William Wordsworth About the Poet

William Wordsworth (1770-1850) was a worshipper of Nature. He looked upon Nature as a goddess that had a benign influence on human beings. Those who lived in natural surroundings were noble and pure. He believed that Nature was a great teacher.

Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower Written by William Wordsworth Introduction to the Poem

Lucy was a small girl who lived on a heath. Nature decided to make her a pupil and mould her body and character. All natural objects—the deer, the wind, the cloud, the storm, the rivulets, etc. would teach her to ‘kindle and restrain’. Nature did her work but unfortunately Lucy died very young.

Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower Summary in English

Lucy was born on a heath. For three years she grew steadily in all sorts of weather. Then Nature decided to educate her and make a lady of her after her own designs.

Nature wanted to make her feel that there was a power watching and guiding her everywhere, whether she is in the hills or on a plain, in a glade or among trees. This will control her conduct. It will stop her from doing any wrong, and would prompt her to do good deeds.

Lucy will be playful like a young deer. In animate objects of Nature will teach her to be quiet and feel the bliss of solitude.

Clouds will teach her to move gracefully, and the billow will teach her to be humble. Her body will become flexible. She will admire the beautiful stars twinkling in the midnight sky Streams that sing as they flow will soothe her and add to the beauty of her face. These joyful experiences will help her to grow tall and fill her heart with bliss and happiness.

Nature did her work as she had planned it. But unfortunately Lucy died young. She left behind only her memory.

Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower Summary in Hindi

लूसी का जन्म एक बंजर भूमि में हुआ था। तीन वर्ष तक वह हर प्रकार के मौसम में बड़ी होती गई। तब प्रकृति ने उसे शिक्षा देने और उसे अपने ढंग से महिला बनाने का निश्चय किया।

प्रकृति चाहती थी कि उसे अनुभव हो कि हर जगह चाहे वह पहाड़ियों में थी या मैदान में, जंगल में खुले स्थान पर या पेड़ों के बीच, उसे लगे कि कोई उसका ध्यान रख रहा है और उसका

पथ प्रदर्शन कर रहा है। इससे उसके आचरण पर नियन्त्रण होगा। इससे वह कोई गलत काम करने से रुकेगी और अच्छा काम करने के लिए प्रेरित होगी।

लूसी हिरन के बच्चे की भाँति उछल-कूछ करेगी। प्रकृति की निर्जीव वस्तुओं से वह शांत रहना सीखेगी और उसे एकांत का आनन्द अनुभव होगा । बादल उसे शालीनता से चलना सिखाएँगे, और शहतूत के पेड़ उसे विनम्र होना सिखाएँगे और उसका शरीर लचीला बन जाएगा। वह आधी रात को टिमटिमाते तारों की प्रशंसा करेगी, सरिताएँ जो गुनगुनाती बहती हैं उसे आराम देंगे और उसके चेहरे को सुन्दर बनाएँगे । यह हर्षपूर्ण अनुभव उसके मन में खुशी व उल्लास भर देगा और उसे लम्बा बना देगा।

प्रकृति ने अपना काम वैसे ही किया जैसे उसकी योजना थी। परन्तु दुर्भाग्यवश लूसी अल्प आयु में मर गई । वह अपनी स्मृति छोड़ गई।

Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower Poem Hindi Translation

First Stanza:
Three years she grew in sun and shower,
Then Nature said, “A lovelier flower
On earth was never sown;
This Child I to myself will take;
She shall be mine, and I will make
A Lady of my own.

Word Meaning: Grew = विकसित हुआ, बड़ा हुआ, बढ़ा हुआ। Shower = प्रवाह, बौछार, वर्षा । Nature = प्रकृति, बाहरी संसार | Lovelier (comparative degree of lovely) = अधिक सुन्दर अथवा आकर्षक । Sown = बोया गया, रोपा गया। Take = ग्रहण करना, स्वीकार करना । Mine = अपना, मेरा । Own = अपना, निजी।

Meaning of the Stanza: ‘Three Years She Grew’ is the description of a girl, ‘Lucy’ who grew in sun and shower. The girl is the loveliest flower that ever grew on the earth. He would accept her and she would remain with him.

भावार्थ-“थ्री इयर्स सि निउ” कविता “लूसी” नामक एक लड़की के बारे में है। वह सूर्य के प्रकाश एवं जल के मनोरम प्रवाह एवं बौछार के बीच रहकर पली एवं बड़ी हुई । कवि के अनुसार उससे सुन्दर कोई भी फूल पृथ्वी पर प्रस्फुटित नहीं हुआ, वह अद्वितीय है । उसका (कवि) कहना है कि वह उसे अपनाएगा। वह उसे जीवन भर अपने साथ रखेगा।

Second Stanza:
“Myself will to my darling be
Both law and impulse: and with me
The Girl, in rock and plain,
In earth and heaven, in glade and bower,
Shall feel an overseeing power
To kindle or restrain.

Word Meaning: Darling = प्रियतम, स्नेहपात्र । Impulses = प्रभाव | Law and impulses = कानून तथा प्रभाव (भावना) | Rock = चयान, पथरीला स्थान । Plain = समतल | Heaven = स्वर्ग, आकाश | Glade = वनमार्ग, जंगल का खुला भाग | Bower = बाग, वाटिका। Overseeing power = पर्यवेक्षक की क्षमता, काम करवाने की योग्यता, उद्देश्य, शक्ति । Kindle = जलाना, सुलगाना, प्रेरित करना । Restrain = रोकना, नियंत्रित करना।

Meaning of the Stanza: He will have his sweet heart with her legally and sentimentally in happiness and sorrow, in good and bad times. She must feel that some overseeing power has kept her life’s candle burning or end her life.
He very much loves the girl. She will feel the presence of Nature in rock and plain, earth and heaven, in the forest side or garden and all around. It is his idea about her.

भावार्थ-उसके (कवि) हृदय की मधुर भावनाएँ उस लड़की के साथ हैं, जो वैधानिक तथा भावनात्मक दोनों प्रकार की हैं। (अच्छे एवं बुरे समय में भी) वह उसके साथ है। उस लड़की को यह अनुभव होना चाहिए कि कुछ अदृश्य शक्तियाँ उसके जीवन-दीप को प्रज्वलित करती हैं अथवा जीवन-लीला समाप्त करती हैं।
वह लड़की को बेहद प्यार करता है। वह प्रकृति का अनुभव एवं रसास्वादन पहाड़ (चट्टान) एवं समतल भूमि, धरती तथा आकाश, वनमार्ग एवं वाटिका सर्वत्र करेगी।

Third Stanza:
“She shall be sportive as the fawn
That wild with glee across the lawn
Or up the mountain springs;
And hers shall be the breathing balm,
And hers the silence and the calm
Of mute insensate things.

Word Meaning: Sportive = क्रीड़ा करने वाला, खिलाड़ी। Fawn = मृग, शावक, हिरण का बच्चा । Wild = सुनसान । Glee = आनन्द, प्रसन्नता । Across = आर-पार । Lawn = घास से ढंका मैदान | Spring = झरना । Balm = मिठास, सुगन्ध । Breathing = श्वांस-प्रश्वांस । Calm = शान्त, सुनसान । The breathing Balm = प्रकृति के तत्वों द्वारा सुगंधित वस्तुओं का साँस द्वारा आनंद लेना | Mute = मौन, चुपचाप । Insensate = ज्ञान रहित ।

Meaning of the Stanza: She will be as joyful as the fawn which goes wild with joy while running across the field or in the mountain springs. Her breath will be a soothing balm for it. Her silence will be the silence and calmness of the inanimate objects of Nature. Thus she will lead a carefree and happy life like a fawn.

भावार्थ-वह हिरण-शावक (हिरण के बच्चे) के समान प्रफुल्लित रहेगी जो विस्तृत मैदान में दौड़ते समय अथवा पर्वतीय झरनों के निकट कूदते हुए प्रसन्नचित रहता है। उसकी साँस उस हिरण शावक के लिए सुगन्धित वस्तु होगी। उसका (लड़की) मौन एवं शान्त व्यवहार प्रकृति
का सौम्य एवं शांत तत्व होगा।
इस प्रकार वह हिरण-शावक की भाँति चिन्तारहित तथा प्रमुदित व्यतीत करेगी।

Fourth Stanza:
“The floating clouds their state shall lend
To her; for her the willow bend;
Nor shall she fail to see
Even in the motions of the Storm
Grace that shall mould the Maiden’s form
By silent sympathy.

Word Meaning: Floating = तैरता हुआ, बहता हुआ। State = स्थिति, अवस्था, दशा | Lend = उधार देना, कर्ज देना । Willow = सरपत, एक प्रकार का खरपत का वृक्ष । Bend = झुकना । Motion = गति, रफ्तार । Grace = सुन्दरता, आकर्षण । Mould = आकृति, रूप । Maiden’s = अविवाहित युवती का, नवयुवती का | Form = रचना, आकार ।

Meaning of the Stanza: The floating clouds would join hands with her glamour. She will be flying in the air mentally. The willow will bend for her. She will not fail to see even in the motions of the storm. With time she will change into a maiden girl. Nature will mould her maiden’s form by its silent sympathy.

भावार्थ-आकाश में मँडराते (तैरते) बादल उसके आकर्षक सौन्दर्य में सहयोग प्रदान करेंगे। वह मानसिक तौर पर स्वयं को हवा में उड़ते हुए अनुभव करेगी। सरपत (एक प्रकार का झाड़ीदार पौधा या वृक्ष) उसके लिए झुक जाएगा, मानो उसका सम्मान कर रहा है। वह यह सब कुछ
आँधी के वेग में भी देख सकेगी। आँधी भी उसे ऐसा करने से रोक नहीं पाएगी। समय के साथ वह एक सुन्दर युवती में परिवर्तित हो जाएगी। प्रकृति अपनी मौन सहानुभूति द्वारा उसको एक अत्यन्त आकर्षक व्यक्तित्व से युक्त सुन्दर युवती की आकृति में परिवर्तित कर देगी।

Fifth Stanza :
“The stars of midnight shall be dear
To her; and she shall lean her ear
In many a secret place
Where rivulets dance their wayward round,
And beauty born of murmuring sound
Shall pass into her face.

Word Meaning : Mid-night = मध्य-रात्रि | Lean = झुकना, सहारा देना । Secret = गुप्त । Rivulets = छोटी नदी, नाला| Wayward = भटका हुआ | Round = गोल, . अण्डाकार । Murmuring = कलकल ध्वनि, मन्द ध्वनि । Sound = ध्वनि, आवाज । Pass = जाना ।

Meaning of the Stanza : The midnight stars would be dear to her. She would lend her ears in many secret places, where streams are flowing round. Its murmuring sound with the beautiful sight will fill her up with joy.

भावार्थ-आधी रात वे आकाश में फैले तारे उसे अत्यन्त प्रिय लगेंगे। वह अनेक गुप्त स्थानों में अपने कानों को केन्द्रित करेगी। उन स्थानों में जहाँ झरने बह रहे हैं वह पूर्ण तन्मयता से ध्यान देगी। उसकी कल-कल करती मधुर आवाज एवं दृश्य उसके हृदय में आनन्द की सृष्टि करेंगे।

Sixth Stanza:
“And vital feelings of delight
Shall rear her form to stately height,
Her virgin bosom swell;
Such thoughts to Lucy I will give
While she and I together live
Here in this happy dell.”

Word Meaning : Vital = अति आवश्यक । Feelings = भावना, विचार । Stately = वैभवयुक्त, उज्जवल । Height = ऊँचाई | Virgin = क्वारी कन्या । Bosom = वक्षस्थल, छाती । Swell = बढ़ना, फैलना । Thoughts = विचार, चिंतन | Dell = गड्ढा ।

Meaning of the Stanza : She will attain her beauty in her maiden’s form and she will loo physically pretty. After she gets her at his home, he will describe to her about her beauty.

भावार्थ-वह अपने यौवन के पूर्ण विकसित होने पर अनुपम सौन्दर्य से युक्त हो जाएगी। वह शारीरिक रूप से आकर्षक व्यक्तित्व से युक्त होगी। जब वह (लड़की) उसके (कवि) यहाँ स्थायी रूप में रहने लगेगी तो वह उसकी सुन्दरता के विषय में उसे बताएगा।

Seventh Stanza:
Thus Nature spake—The work was done—
How soon my Lucy’s race was run!
She died, and left to me
This heath, this calm and quiet scene;
The memory of what has been,
And never more will be.

Word Meaning: Race = दौड़ । Calm = शान्ति । Quiet = शान्तिपूर्ण । Scene = दृश्य । Memory = स्मृति ।

Meaning of the Stanza: The Nature says that he has done his work. He has made all efforts to turn her (Lucy) into the maiden’s form. But now she is no more on the earth. She has died. Nature had its own course. The poet (speaker) has nothing to do but preserve her memory concerning her beauty. Her smiles and her joyful race will never be more in his life. Her race of life has come to an end.

भावार्थ-प्रकृति ने कहा कि उसने अपना कार्य कर दिया है। उसने उस लड़की (लूसी) को आकर्षक सौन्दर्य प्रदान कर एक सुन्दर युवती में परिवर्तित कर दिया है । लेकिन वह जीवित नहीं रह सकी। उसके जीवन की दौड़ समाप्त हो चुकी है। अन्ततः उसकी मृत्यु हो गई । प्रकृति की अपनी सीमाएँ थीं। अब कवि (वक्ता) पूर्णतया विवश है क्योंकि यह उसके बस की बात नहीं है। उसकी (लूसी) सुन्दरता, उसकी मुसकान उसका प्रसन्न चित्त दौड़ना-ये सारी बातें अब केवल स्मृति बनकर रह गई हैं। अब वह दुबास उसके जीवन में पुनः नहीं आएगी।

On The Rule of the Road Summary in English and Hindi Pdf. On The Rule of the Road is written by A.G. Gardiner. Learncram.com has provided On The Rule of the Road Objective Questions and Answers Pdf, Essay Chapter Story Ka Meaning in Hindi.

Students can also check English Summary to revise with them during exam preparation.

On The Rule of the Road Summary in English and Hindi by A.G. Gardiner

On The Rule of the Road Summary in English

A.G. Gardiner (1865 – 1946) in his essay “The Rule of the Road” points out what constitutes the true liberty. He begins by giving an example of an old lady who insisted on walking in the middle of the road in Petrogard instead of on the pavement. Her argument was that she had got liberty now to do so. She did not realize that like her, the cab-driver was also entitled to drive on the pavement. If such a thing happened, there would be traffic jams and chaos everywhere and nobody would be able to reach his or her destination in time. Such an individual liberty would result in complete anarchy in society.

The author thins that these days people are increasingly getting liberty drunk, which is very dangerous. Therefore, we must understand the rule of the road. It means that in order to preserve the liberty of all, the liberties of everyone must be curtailed. The traffic policeman should be taken as a symbol of liberty and not of anarchy when he is controlling traffic. Some curtailment of private liberty is necessary so that everyone may enjoy a social order that mades liberty a reality because liberty is not only a personal affair but also a social contract.

If a person’s liberty does not affect other’s liberty, then he can so as he likes. For example he may wear the type of clothes which he likes, wear shoes or walk bare feet, support long or short hair. He can follow his fancy by going to bed late or getting up early. He need not ask anybody’s permission in such things. But the moment his personal liberty begins to affect others, then it must be restricted. He may play his musical instrument as loudly as he wants if it does not disturb his neighbours. But he should ensure that his actions do not encroach upon the liberty of other people.

The author gives another example of a person who entered a railway carriage and disturbed him with his loud talking when he was trying to read Blue-book. The man talked common place things with his friend in a loud and pompous voice and forced the author to stop reading. The author did not object lest he should be considered a very rude fellow. He feels that a reasonable consideration, for the rights and feelings of others is the foundation of social behaviour. He is of the view women are less civilised in this respect than men. The reason is that men are better trained than women in give and take of social relationship because they have lived more in broad current of the world. They have learnt from their school life, their club life and games. But not women are beginning to enjoy these things.

The writer believes that the rights of small people and quiet people are also important to preserve. Motorists have no right to disturb others by blowing their horns deliberately and noisily. Similarly, one should listen to his gramophone inside his house maintaining privacy and not disturbing his neighbours. The fact is that we can be neither complete anarchists nor complete socialists in this complex world of ours. We must be a reasonal mixture of both. We must preserve our own liberty and our social liberty as well. This can be done by observing the rule of the road. In life great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. So, only the little habits of social behaviour can sweeten or make our life bitter.

On The Rule of the Road Summary in Hindi

1. A stout old. …………… become social anarchy.
अनुवाद : पीट्रोगर्ड में एक बूढ़ी साहसी महिला सड़क के बीच टोकरी लेकर चलकर यातायात में अस्त-व्यस्तता पैदा कर रही थी और स्वयं को भी कम खतरे में नहीं डाल रही थी। उसे बताया गया कि पैदल यात्रियों के चलने का सही स्थान फुटपाथ है, परन्तु उसने उत्तर दिया, “मैं जहाँ चाहूँ, चलूंगी। अब हमें स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त हो गई है।” उस प्रिय बूढी महिला को यह न सूझा कि यदि स्वतंत्रता पैदल यात्रियों को सड़क के बीच चलने का अधिकार देती है तो वह घोडागाड़ी वालों को भी फुटपाथ पर चलने का अधिकार देती है, और इस प्रकार की स्वतंत्रता का अंत सर्वव्यापक गड़बड़ होगा । सब एक-दूसरे से टकराते रहेंगे और कोई कहीं न पहुँचेगा। व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता सामाजिक अराजकता बन जाएगी।

2. There is a danger ………………………. your liberty a reality.
अनुवाद : आजकल उस टोकरी वाली बूढ़ी महिला की भाँति संसार में आजादी का नशा होने का खतरा है और यह उचित है कि हम याद रखें कि सड़क के नियम का क्या अर्थ है। इसका अर्थ यह है कि सबकी स्वतंत्रता को सुरक्षित रखने के लिए प्रत्येक व्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता कम करना आवश्यक है। जब पिकडली सर्कस में पुलिसमैन सड़क के बीच आकर अपना हाथ ऊपर करता है, वह निरंकुशता का नहीं, बल्कि आजादी का प्रतीक है। आप ऐसा सोच सकते हैं। हो सकता है कि आप जल्दी में हों और अपनी मोटरकार उसके अधिकार की उद्दण्डता से रोके जाने को आप समझें कि आपकी आजादी की अवहेलना हुई है। वह आदमी आपके जनपथ के प्रयोग करने के अधिकार में बाधा डालने का दुस्साहस कैसे कर सकता है ? परन्तु यदि आप समझदार व्यक्ति हैं तो आप इस पर विचार करेंगे कि यदि वह आपके काम में दखल न देगा तो वह किसी के काम में रोक-टोक न करेगा, और परिणाम यह होगा कि आप पिकडली सर्कस कभी पार न कर सकेंगे। आपने अपनी निजी आजादी कटवाने में सहमति प्रकट इसलिए की कि आप एक सामाजिक व्यवस्था का लाभ उठा सकें जिसके कारण आपकी आजादी वास्तविक बनती है।

3. Liberty is not………………………….no man’s permission.
अनुवाद : आजादी व्यक्तिगत मामला नहीं है, बल्कि सामाजिक समझौता है। यह हितों का समायोजन है । जिन मामलों में किसी दूसरे व्यक्ति की आजादी में अन्तर नहीं पड़ता, मैं वह कुछ भी करने को स्वतंत्र हूँ। यदि मैं स्टैंड में लम्बा चोगा पहनकर, लम्बे बाल व नंगे पाँव जाना चाहूँ तो मुझे कौन ना करेगा? आपको मुझ पर हँसने की आजादी है, परन्तु मुझे आजादी है कि मैं इसकी परवाह न करूँ, और यदि मुझे अपने बाल रंगना, या मूंछों पर मोम लगाना (जो ईश्वर करे मैं न करूँ) या ऊँचा टोप पहनना, या फ्रॉक कोट और चप्पल पहनना, या देर से सोना या जल्दी उठना अच्छा लगता है, तो मैं अपनी इच्छा पूरी करता हूँ और इसके लिए किसी आदमी की अनुमति लेने की आवश्यकता नहीं है।

4. In all these………………………….to their liberties.
अनुवाद : इन सब में और हजार अन्य बातों में आप और मैं जो हम चाहें कर सकते हैं और हमें किसी आदमी की अनुमति की आवश्यकता नहीं है। हमारा पूरा राज्य है जिसमें हम अकेले शासन करते हैं, जो हम चाहें कर सकते हैं, बुद्धिमान या हास्यकर बन सकते हैं, कठोर या सरल बन सकते हैं, पारम्परिक या विचित्र बन सकते हैं। परन्तु ज्यों ही हम उस राज्य से कदम बाहर रखते हैं, तो हमारी कार्य करने की व्यक्तिगत आजादी दूसरे लोगों की आजादी से सीमित हो जाती है। मैं आधी रात से प्रातः तीन बजे तक तुरही बजाने का अभ्यास करना चाहता हूँ। यदि मैं हेलवेली के शिखर पर जाऊँ तो मैं अपनी मन-मर्जी कर सकता हूँ, परन्तु यदि मैं ऐसा बाहर सड़क पर करता हूँ तो पड़ोसी मुझे याद कराएँगे कि मेरी तुरही बजाने की आजादी को उनकी चैन से सोने की आजादी में दखल नहीं देना चाहिए । दुनिया में बहुत लोग हैं, और मुझे अपनी आजादी को उनकी आजादी के साथ समायोजित करना है।

5. Weare all liable…………………………of our own.
अनुवाद : हम सब यह भूल सकते हैं और दुर्भाग्यवश, हम इस बारे में अपनी त्रुटियों की अपेक्षा दूसरों की त्रुटियों के बारे में अधिक सचेत रहते हैं।

6. I got into a………………………….on around you.
अनुवाद : एक दिन प्रातः मैंने एक देहाती स्टेशन पर रेल के डिब्बे में प्रवेश किया और जिसे स्कूल के बच्चे एक घंटे का परिश्रम से पढ़ना कहते हैं, मैं ब्लू बुक पढ़ने के लिए बैठ गया। मैं मनोरंजन के लिए नहीं पढ़ रहा था। सच बात तो यह है कि मैं ब्लू बुक कभी मनोरंजन के लिए नहीं पढ़ता। मैं तो उनको ईमानदारी से पैसा कमाने के साधारण से उद्देश्य के लिए पढ़ता हूँ। अब, यदि आप कोई पुस्तक मनोरंजन के लिए पढ़ रहे हों तो इससे कोई अन्तर नहीं पड़ता कि आप के आस-पास क्या हो रहा है।

7. But when you are………………………….song of long ago.
अनुवाद : परन्तु जब आप काम के लिए पढ़ रहे हों तो आपको यथोचित शान्ति की आवश्यकता होती है, और यह मुझे प्राप्त न हुई, क्योंकि अगले स्टेशन पर दो आदमी अन्दर आए, जिनमें से एक अपने मित्र के साथ आडम्बरपूर्ण ध्वनि में समस्त यात्रा के समय बातें करता रहा । जब मैं धाराओं व भागों से जूझ रहा था। उसकी आवाज आँधी की भाँति उठी और मेरा कार्य में ध्यान लगाए रहने का प्रयास उसके परिवार के इतिहास, युद्ध में उसके बेटे के कारनामों, सेनापतियों व राजनेताओं की आलोचना के नीचे डूब गया। मैंने ब्लू बुक को बन्द कर दिया और खिड़की से बाहर देखने लगा और ऊब कर उसकी बातें सुनने लगा। उसकी आवाज गरज रही थी जिसका विषय कुछ इस प्रकार था, “फ्रांस को क्या करना चाहिए था…..” “जर्मनों ने यह गलती की….” “यदि एसक्विथ ऐसा करता…..”, आप इस प्रकार की बातों को जानते ही हो। मैंने यह पहले कई बार सुना था। यह बैरल ऑर्गन की भाँति था जिसमें कोई अरुचिकर पुराना गीत सिसकियाँ ले रहा हो।

8. IfIhadasked………………………….of social conduct.
अनुवाद : यदि मैं उससे कहता कि कृपया अपनी आवाज मध्यम करो तो मुझे विश्वास है कि वह मुझे उद्दण्ड समझता। उसे यह न सूझा कि किसी को उसकी बातें सुनने से अधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्य भी करना हो सकता था और जब मैं डिब्बे से बाहर आया तो मुझे विश्वास हो गया था कि उसकी कृपा से सबकी यात्रा ज्ञानवर्धक रही थी। दूसरों के अधिकारों व भावनाओं की, ओर उचित ध्यान देना सामाजिक आचरण का आधार होता है।

9. I believe that……….. …………take your turn?
अनुवाद : मेरा विश्वास है कि छोटे लोगों व शान्त लोगों के अधिकारों की रक्षा करना उतना ही महत्त्वपूर्ण है जितना कि छोटे राष्ट्रों के अधिकारों की । जब मैं कोई परेशान करने वाला हॉर्न सुनता हूँ जो कुछ लोग जान-बूझकर बजाते हैं तो मुझे इतना ही क्रोध आता है जितना मुझे तब अनुभव हुआ जब जर्मनी आक्रमणकारी घौसिए की भाँति बेल्जियम को रौंदते गये थे। जनाब, आप किस अधिकार से सड़क पर उन सबको कोसते चलते हो जो आपके रास्ते में रुकावट बने हुए हैं? क्या आप अपने आगमन की घोषणा भद्र पुरुष की भाँति नहीं कर सकते ? क्या आप अपनी बारी की प्रतीक्षा नहीं कर सकते ?

10. And there is the………………………….their flower-beds.
अनुवाद : और एक और अनपकारी व्यक्ति है जिसने एक ऊँची ध्वनि वाला साधारण-सा ग्रामोफोन खरीदा है, और रविवार को तीसरे पहर उसे चालू कर देता है, खिड़कियां खोल देता है और गली को ‘कीप द होम फायर्ज बर्नइंग’ या किसी अन्य घिसे-पिटे गाने से गुंजा देता है। इस प्रकार के मामले में सामाजिक आचरण की क्या सही सीमा है ? हम फिर तुरही का उदाहरण लेते हैं। हैजलिट का कथन है कि जो आदमी वह भयानक यंत्र को सीखना चाहता था उसे अपने घर में सीखने का अधिकार है, यद्यपि वह अपने पड़ोसियों के लिए उपद्रवी हो, परन्तु यह उसका कर्तव्य है कि वह शोर को जितना कम करना सम्भव हो, करे । उसे अपनी अटारी में इसका अभ्यास करना चाहिए और खिड़कियाँ बन्द करनी चाहिए। उसे कोई हक नहीं है कि वह अपने घर के अगले लमरे में बैठे, खिड़कियों खोल ले और पड़ोसियों के कानों में पूरे जोर . से शोर डालें, और यही बात ग्रामोफोन के बारे में है। यदि आपको ग्रामोफोन अच्छा लगता है, आपको उसे रखने का हक है, परन्तु यदि आप उस शोर को अपने घर तक सीमित करने का प्रयत्न नहीं करते तो आप अपने पड़ोसियों की आजादी में बाधा डाल रहे हैं। हो सकता है कि आपके पड़ोसियों के ‘कीप द होम फायर्ज बर्निंग’ गाना पसन्द न हो । वे अपने रविवार का तीसरा पहर शान्ति से व्यतीत करना चाहते हों और यह वैसी ही अभद्रता होगी जैसे किसी के बाग में बिन बुलाए जाना और उसकी फूलों की क्यारियों को रौंद डालना।

11. I suppose the fact………………………….our social liberty.
अनुवाद : मेरे विचार में सच बात यह है कि इस जटिल संसार में हम न तो पूर्णतः अराजकतावादी बन सकते हैं और न पूर्णतः समाजवादी-बल्कि दोनों का विवेकपूर्ण मिश्रण होना चाहिए। हमें दोनों प्रकार की आजादी की रक्षा करनी है-व्यक्तिगत आजादी की भी और सामाजिक आजादी को भी।

12. It is in the ………………….. Blue-book undisturbed.
अनुवाद : आचरण की छोटी-छोटी बातों में, सड़क के नियम का पालन करने में हम स्वयं को परख सकते हैं और कह सकते हैं कि हम सभ्य हैं या असभ्य । वीरता दिखाने या त्याग करने के अवसर बहुत कम आते है। आपसी लेन-देन की छोटी-छोटी आदतें मिलकर जीवन का बड़ा योग बनाती हैं और जीवन यात्रा को मधुर या कटु बनाती हैं। मुझे आशा है कि रेल के डिब्बे वाला मेरा मित्र इस पर विचार करेगा। तब वह अपने साथी को यह बताना तो बन्द न करेगा कि फ्रांस वालों ने कहाँ गलती की और जर्मनी ने ऐसा कहाँ किया, परन्तु वह इसे इस प्रकार करेगा कि जिससे मैं अपनी ब्लू-बुक बिना बाधा के पढ़ सकूँगा।

Word-Meanings:
Petrograd – a city of Russia = रूस का एक नगर । liberty – freedom = स्वतन्त्रता । insolence – rude behaviour | office – official position = राज्याधिकारी । fancy (n) – liking = पसन्द । trombone-a musical instrument = तुरही। swot – hardwork = परिश्रम । blue book – book containing an official report = अधिकृत रिपोर्ट । pompous (adj) – pretentious = आडम्बरपूर्ण । barrel-organ – a musical instrument = संगीत का साज । banality-commonplace thing = तुच्छ, घिसी-पिटी।

What is the message of the essay on rule of the road?

The major point of this essay is that people need to think about how their actions affect others and how they affect society, not just about what they themselves want to do. In this sense, the rules of the road are rules of politeness and of unselfishness.

What is meant by the rule of the road answer?

a customary practice (such as driving always on a particular side of the road or yielding the right of way) developed in the interest of safety and often subsequently reinforced by law especially : any of the rules making up a code governing ships in matters relating to mutual safety.

What is the purpose of rules of the road?

Traffic laws are important because they keep people safe. A motor vehicle is a dangerous and deadly weapon in the wrong hands. The safety of all road users depends on all motorists following a precise set of rules. Approximately 5 million collisions and crashes happen in America each year.

What is the rule of the road Why is it important for us to observe it?

Answer: The phrase “rules of the road” refers to a set of guidelines that one must follow when driving. … It’s important to observe road rules because it keeps you out of danger and allows you to get to your destination safely.

Ideas That Have Helped Mankind Bit Summary in English and Hindi Pdf. Ideas That Have Helped Mankind is Written by Bertrand Russell. Learncram.com has provided Ideas That Have Helped Mankind Objective Questions Answers, Story Chapter Ka Meaning in Hindi.

Students can also check English Summary to revise with them during exam preparation.

Ideas That Have Helped Mankind Summary in English and Hindi by Bertrand Russell

Ideas That Have Helped Mankind by Bertrand Russell About the Author

Bertrand Arthur William Russell popularly known as Bertrand Russel was born in 1872. He was a British Philosopher, Historian, Mathematician, advocate for social reforms, pacifist and a prominent rationalist of the twentieth century. He was a prolific writer. He was also a commentator on a large variety of topics. His comments on sex, marriage, politics, religion, science, psychology, philosophy, socialism, education, Christ, Marx, Buddha and a host of topics are energetic, forcible and full of frankness.

Russel was awarded Nobel prize in Literature in 1950 for his varied and Significant writings. His major works include—”A History of Western Philosophy”, “Human knowledge: Its scope and Limit’s”, “Conquest of Happiness”, “Roads to freedom”, “Why I am not a Christian”, “Marriage and morals” etc.

Ideas That Have Helped Mankind Written by Bertrand Russell Introduction

In this most impressive essay, Bertrand Russell has most carefully and emphatically has expressed his ideas (views) about the different stages of civilization and the role of mankind. He has narrated the process and circumstances which helped the growth of human civilization.

Ideas That Have Helped Mankind Summary in English

Bertrand Russel in the essay, “Ideas That Have Helped Mankind” has thrown light on the growth of human civilization which gradually came into being. It took a long time to take the shape which we find around us.

All, what we achieved is not the outcome of a day or a weak. The factors which helped the mankind to reach the recent stage bears importance. Thousands of years back human race was uncivilized and leading the life of wild animal. In those days they were living in jungles and caves like other wild animals. To protect them from hot summer and cold winter were hair oner their bodies, though not very thick and long their lives were quite, uncertain and unprotected with the rise in their population. They felt themselves more protected than earlier. Now they had become in certain respects, more civilized and looked less like animals. It was also due to their superior mental set-up. It laid the foundation of their domestic life.

The author narrates about the diversity of enjoyment. He explains that animals did not have the pleasure of music, poetry. Science, football etc. which the human beings enjoy. It means, our intelligent had definitely enabled us to get a much greater variety of enjoyment than to animals. But the author realises that it is neither number nor multiplicity of pleasures which made the glory of the man. It was rather our intellectual and moral qualities, and we known more than animals is a fact. Within the herd we were more friendly to each other, but in our attitude outside the herd, we were no less ferocious as those of any animal.

The ideas that helped most to the mankind and concerned with him may be divided into two kinds—(i) those that contributed to knowledge and technique and (ii) those that were concerned with morals and politics. By his knowledge and technique he introduced language and it began gradually. They further invented fire either before or after the beginning of language. According to the author fire might have been used to keep away wild animals at its first stage. But in course of time they found the fire much more useful for other purposes too. It was used for cooking as well and thus the long history of cookery began.

Domestic animals like cow and sheep made the life of human-being comfortable pleasant and secure. Some anthropologists presume that the people started timing these animals which their religions taught them to worship. The domestication of animals was the invention of agriculture. The art of writing was introduced in the last of prehistoric inventions of mankind. Writing gradually developed and it took thousands of years to become whatever it is in the present form.

Ideas That Have Helped Mankind Summary in Hindi

बेर्टेन्ड रसेल ने अपने निबन्ध “आइडियास दैड हैड हेल्पड मैनकाइन्ड” (Idea that have helped mankind) में मानव-सभ्यता के विकास पर प्रकाश डाला है, जो धीरे-धीरे पल्लवित हुई । आज अपने चारों तरफ सभ्यता के जिस रूप को देखते हैं, उसे विकसित होने में काफी लम्बा समय लगा।

वह सब जो हमने प्राप्त किया वह एक दिन अथवा एक सप्ताह में ही उपलब्ध नहीं हुआ। वे सारे तत्व जो मानव-समुदाय के विकास के वर्तमान स्तर तक पहुँचने में सहायक हुए, वे विशेष महत्त्वपूर्ण हैं। हजारों वर्ष पूर्व मानव-जाति पूर्ण असभ्य थी। तब जंगली पशु के समान जीवन-यापन करती थी। उस समय वे जंगलों एवं गुफाओं में अन्य पशुओं की भाँति निवास करते थे। ग्रीष्म ऋतु की भीषण गर्मी तथा शीतकाल की असह्य ठंडक से रक्षा के लिए उनके शरीर बाल से ढंके रहते थे, यद्यपि ज्यादा लंबे बाल नहीं होते थे। उनका जीवन पूर्णतया अनिश्चित तथा असुरक्षित था। जैसे-जैसे उनकी जनसंख्या बढ़ती गई, वे स्वयं को पहले से अधिक सुरक्षित अनुभव करने लगे। अब वे पहले की अपेक्षा कुछ हद तक पशुओं से अधिक सभ्य हो गए। उनके मस्तिष्क की पशुओं से अपेक्षाकृत उन्नत बनावट भी इसका एक महत्वपूर्ण कारण थी। इसके साथ ही उनके पारिवारिक जीवन की नींव पड़ी।

लेखक मनोरंजन के विभिन्न प्रकार का वर्णन कर रहे हैं। उनके अनुसार, जिस प्रकार मानव-समुदाय संगीत, कविता, विज्ञान, फुटबॉल आदि में अभिरूचि रखता था तथा उसका आनन्द लेता था पशु उसमें कोई रूचि नहीं लेते थे। इसका निष्कर्ष यह है कि हमारी कुशाग्र बुद्धि का ही यह परिणाम था कि हम अनेकों प्रकार के आनन्द का रसास्वादन करते थे, जबकि पशुओं के लिए उसका कोई महत्त्व नहीं था, अर्थात् वे उसमें अभिरूचि नहीं रखते थे। किन्तु लेखक की मान्यता है कि मानव का गौरव तथा उत्कर्ष उसक अपूर्व एवं अतिशय आनन्द में निहित नहीं था। अपनी विशिष्ट मानसिक क्षमता, बुद्धिमता तथा नैतिक गुणों के कारण ही हम पशुओं से भिन्न तथा श्रेष्ठ थे। यह एक वास्तविक तथ्य हैं कि हम ज्ञान एवं बुद्धि में पशुओं से श्रेष्ठ थे। सामूहिक तौर पर हम अधिक उदार तथा दयालू थे किन्त समदाय से बाहर रहने पर, व्यक्तिगत तौर पर हम पशुओं से किसी तरह कम क्रूर एवं निर्दयी नहीं थे।

वैसे विचार जो मानव-समुदाय के सहायक थे तथा जिनसे यह जुड़ा हुआ था, मुख्य रूप से दो प्रकार के थे, (i) जो उसके नैतिक गुणों तथा राजनीतिक सिद्धांतों से जुड़े थे। अपने ज्ञान तथा तकनीक से उसने भाषा का आविष्कार किया तथा कालान्तर में उसका क्रमिक विकास होता गया। इसके अतिरिक्त (ii) उन्होंने अग्नि का अविष्कार भाषा की उत्पत्ति से पहले अथवा बाद में किया । रसेल के अनुसार, आग का प्रयोग प्रारम्भ में वन्य-प्राणियों से अपनी रक्षा के लिए तथा अपने वास-स्थल से दूर रखने के लिए किया जाता होगा। किन्तु कालान्तर में उन्होंने अनेक अन्य कार्यों के लिए अधिक उपयोगी पाया। इसका प्रयोग खाना बनाने के लिए भी किया जाने लगा। इस प्रकार खाना बनाने की विधि के लम्बे इतिहास का शुभारंभ हुआ।

गाएँ एवं भेड़ आदि पालतू पशुओं ने मानव-जीवन को आरामदेह, सरस, मधुर तथा निरापद (सुरक्षित) बना दिया । कुछ मानव-शरीर-रचना शास्त्र के विद्वानों (anthropolists) की धारणा (अनुमान) है कि उस काल-खण्ड में लोगों ने उन पशुओं को पालना प्रारंभ किया जिन्हें उन्हें उनके धर्म द्वारा पूजा करने का उपदेश दिया गया। कृषि-कार्य का आविष्कार पशुओं को पालूत बनाने की प्रथा द्वारा हुआ । लेखन-कला का आविष्कार मानव-समुदाय द्वारा प्राक्-ऐतिहासिक-काल के अन्तिम चरण में हुआ। लेखन कला का क्रमशः उत्तरोत्तर विकास होता गया तथा वर्तमान लेखन-प्रणाली तक पहुँचने में हजारों वर्ष का समय लग गया।