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Collisions in Two Dimensions | Definition, Formulas – Work, Energy and Power

September 4, 2020September 3, 2020 by Laxmi

Two Dimensional Collision Physics or Oblique Collision Definition:
If the initial and final velocities of colliding bodies do not lie along the same line, then the collision is called two dimensional or oblique collision.

We are giving a detailed and clear sheet on all Physics Notes that are very useful to understand the Basic Physics Concepts.

Collisions in Two Dimensions | Definition, Formulas – Work, Energy and Power

In horizontal direction,
m₁u₁ cos α₁ + m₂u₂ cos α₂ = m₁v₁ cos β₁ + m₂v₂ cos β₂
Collisions in Two Dimensions
In vertical direction,
m₁u₁ sin α₁ – m₂u₂ sin α₂ = m₁v₁ sin β₁ – m₂v₂ sin β₂
If m₁ = m₂ and
α₁ + α₂ = 90°
then
β₁ + β₂ = 90°

If a particle A of mass m₁ is moving along X-axis with a speed u and makes an elastic collision with another stationary body B of mass m₂, then
Collisions in Two Dimensions

From conservation law of momentum,
m₁u = m₁v₁ cos α + m₂v₂ cos β
0 = m₁v₁ sin α – m₂v₂ sin β

Work, Energy and Power:
Work, energy and power are the three quantities which are inter-related to each other. The rate of doing work is called power. An equal amount of energy is consumed to do a work. So, basically the power is the rate at which energy is consumed to complete a work.

Work	Energy
Conservation of Energy	Power
Collisions	Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
Collisions in Two Dimensions

Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension | Physics – Work, Energy and Power

September 4, 2020September 3, 2020 by Laxmi

One Dimensional or Head-on Collision Definition Physics:
If the initial and final velocities of colliding bodies lie along the same line, then the collision is called one dimensional or head-on collision.

We are giving a detailed and clear sheet on all Physics Notes that are very useful to understand the Basic Physics Concepts.

Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension | Physics – Work, Energy and Power

Perfectly Elastic Collision in One Dimension
Applying Newton’s experimental law, we have
v₂ – v₁ = u₁ – u₂

Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in One Dimensional
Velocities after collision

v₁ = \(\frac{\left(m_{1}-m_{2}\right) u_{1}+2 m_{2} u_{2}}{\left(m_{1}+m_{2}\right)}\)

and

v₂ = \(\frac{\left(m_{2}-m_{1}\right) u_{2}+2 m_{1} u_{1}}{\left(m_{1}+m_{2}\right)}\)

Special Cases of Elastic Collision in One Dimension:
1. When masses of two colliding bodies are equal, then after the collision, the bodies exchange their velocities.

v₁, = u₂ and v₂ = u₁

2. If second body of same mass (m₁ = m₂) is at rest, then after collision first body comes to rest and second body starts moving with the initial velocity of first body.

v₁ = 0 and v₂ = u₁

3. If a light body of mass m₁ collides with a very heavy body of mass m₂ at rest, then after collision

v₁ = -u₁ and v₂=0

It means light body will rebound with its own velocity and heavy body will continue to be at rest.

4. If a very heavy body of mass m1 collides with a light body of mass m₂(m₁ > > m₂) at rest, then after collision

v₁ = u₁ and v₂ = 2u₁

In Inelastic Collision in One Dimensional
Loss of kinetic energy
ΔK = \(\frac{m_{1} m_{2}}{2\left(m_{1}+m_{2}\right)}\left(u_{1}-u_{2}\right)^{2}\left(1-e^{2}\right)\)

In Perfectly Inelastic One Dimensional Collision
Velocity of separation after collision = 0.

Loss of kinetic energy = \(\frac{m_{1} m_{2}\left(u_{1}-u_{2}\right)^{2}}{2\left(m_{1}+m_{2}\right)}\)
Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in One Dimensional
If a body is dropped from a height h₀ and it strikes the ground with velocity v₀ and after inelastic collision it rebounds with velocity v₁, and rises to a height h₁, then

If after n collisions with the ground, the body rebounds with a velocity v_n and rises to a height h_n, then

\(e^{n}=\frac{v_{n}}{v_{0}}=\sqrt{\frac{h_{n}}{h_{0}}}\)

Height covered by the body after rath rebound, h_n = e²ⁿh₀

Work	Energy
Conservation of Energy	Power
Collisions	Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
Collisions in Two Dimensions

Class 10 Civics Chapter 8 Extra Questions and Answers Challenges to Democracy

September 3, 2020 by Laxmi

In this page, you can find CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 8 Extra Questions and Answers Challenges to Democracy Pdf free download, NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science will make your practice complete.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 8 Extra Questions and Answers Challenges to Democracy

Challenges to Democracy Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 8 Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
A country holds election to elect peoples’ representatives to form the government but the elections are not fair. Identify the kind of challenge faced by the people in such a country.
Answer:
People in such a country face the challenge of expansion of democracy.

Question 2.
Which Act empowers the people to find out what is going on in the government?
Answer:
Right to Information Act.

Question 3.
Which countries face the foundational challenge of democracy?
Answer:
The countries having non-democratic governments face this challenge.

Question 4.
Name two countries which face the challenge of expansion of democracy.
Answer:
India and the United States of America.

Question 5.
What does the challenge of deepening of democracy involve?
Answer:
This involves strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy.

Question 6.
What do you mean by ‘challenges to democracy’?
Answer:
‘Challenges to democracy’ means various problems that come while ensuring a democratic set up in a country.

Question 7.
What do you mean by ‘democratic reform’ or ‘political reform’?
Answer:
Generally, all suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called ‘democratic reform’ or ‘political reform’.

Question 8.
How can you say that political reforms can be counter-productive? Give an example.
Answer:
Sometimes political reforms can be counter-productive. For example, many states have banned people who have more than two children from contesting panchayat elections. This has resulted in denial of democratic opportunity to many poor and women, which was not intended.

Question 9.
Name all the three challenges faced by democracy.
Answer:

Foundational challenge
Challenge of expansion of democracy
Challenge of deepening of democracy

Question 10.
Which challenge is faced by every democracy in one form or another?
Answer:
The challenge of deepening of democracy is faced by every democracy in one form or another.

Question 11.
Which challenge is being faced by most of the established democracies in the world?
Answer:
Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expansion.

Challenges to Democracy Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 8 Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Suggest some broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India.
Answer:
Guidelines for political reforms:

Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes the results may be counter-productive.
The main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practice.
Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how.

Question 2.
How is the deepening of democracy a major challenge to modern democracies? Explain.
Answer:
Deepening of democracy is a challenge that is faced by almost every democracy in one form or another. For example, in case of India, some challenges that are faced are as follows:

Strengthening of institutions and practices of democracy.
Strengthening of those institutions that may help people’s participations and control.
This may require to check the influence of the rich and powerful people in making government decisions.

Question 3.
“A challenge is an opportunity for progress.” Support the statement with your arguments.
Answer:
We often relate challenges to problems. But this is not right. A challenge is not just any problem. We usually call only those difficulties a challenge which are significant and which can be overcome. A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before.

When India was under the British rule, many of our fellow Indians accepted the challenges, struggled hard and finally got rod of the foreigners. These fellow Indians became great freedom fighters. If they had not accepted the challenges and overcome them, India would not have become a free nation.

Question 4.
“Legal-constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy.” Justify the statement with an example.
Answer:
(i) It seems tempting to think of legal ways of reforming politics, to think of new laws to ban undesirable things. But such a temptation should be resisted.

(ii) No doubt, law has an important role to play in political reform. Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. But legal-constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy. Democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens.

(iii) Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes the results may be counter-productive. Generally, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. Laws that empower people to carry out democratic reforms are considered good. For example, the Right to Information Act helps to control corruption and supplements the existing laws that banned corruption and imposed strict penalties.

Question 5.
Explain with examples how some countries face foundational challenge of democracy?
OR
Explain the foundational challenge of democracy by stating three points.
Answer:
(i) At least one-fourth of the globe is still not under democratic government. The challenge for democracy in these parts of the world is very evident.

(ii) These countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government.

(iii) This involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional state. Nepal was under monarchical rule a decade ago. Now Nepal has changed to a democratic system. Thus, Nepal is a good example of foundational challenge of democracy.

Question 6.
Name the three challenges faced by democracy. Explain the challenge of deepening of democracy by stating three points.
Answer:
Three challenges faced by democracy-

Foundational challenge
Challenge of expansion
Challenge of deepening of democracy.

(a) The challenge of deepening of democracy is faced by every democracy in one form or another. This involves strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy. This should happen in such a way that people can realise their expectations of democracy.

(b) But ordinary people have different expectations from democracy in different societies. Therefore, this challenge takes different meanings and paths in different parts of the world.

(c) In general terms, it usually means strengthening those institutions that help people’s participation and control. This requires an attempt to bring down the control and influence of the rich and powerful people in making governmental decisions. Example, in Bolivia, the water struggle was a challenge of deepening of democracy.

Question 7.
Examine three challenges to democracy.
OR
Explain the various types of challenges being faced by modern democracies of the world.
Answer:
The three challenges to democracy are—
(i) Foundational Challenge: Countries having non-democratic government face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government.

(ii) Challenge of Expansion: Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expansion. This involves applying the basic principle of democratic government across all the regions, different social groups and various institutions. Ensuring greater power to local governments, extension of federal principle to all the units of the federation, inclusion of women and minority groups, etc. fall under this challenge. Most countries including India and other democracies like the US face this challenge.

(iii) Three challenges faced by democracy-

Foundational challenge
Challenge of expansion
Challenge of deepening of democracy.

(b) But ordinary people have different expectations from democracy in different societies. Therefore, this challenge takes different meanings and paths in different parts of the world.

Question 2.
What is the Right to Information Act? What is its significance?
Answer:
Many democratic governments provide the Right to Information (RTI) to the citizens. The RTI Act, 2005 is a landmark legislation passed by our Parliament. Under this Act, citizens can seek information from government offices pertaining to different activities. Thus, this Act empowers to the people to find out what is happening in government and act as watchdogs of democracy. Such a law helps to control corruption and supplements the existing laws that banned corruption and imposed strict penalties.

Challenges to Democracy Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 8 Long Answers Type

Question 1.
Explain any five major challenges being faced by Indian democracy.
Answer:
Five major challenges faced by Indian democracy are—
(i) Over-population: India is the second most populated country in the world after China. The population has increased rapidly during the last century. It is estimated that at this rate of growth in population, the country will double its population in next few decades. The government is very concerned about the size of India’s population and has focused tremendous amounts of energy into combating country’s growth.

(ii) Illiteracy: Illiteracy is one of the biggest challenges that Indian democracy faces. It is a country of huge population but only one-third of them are able to read. This problem is more prominent in rural areas. Many children living in these areas receive a level of education which is too poor. This is also a fact that the education of females is easily ignored in our country.

(iii) Poverty: Poverty in India is widespread. Despite great GDP growth, the effect of poverty remains extreme and reveals a history of exclusion and injustice that affects half of the population. It is a fact that the population of people living below the poverty line in India is the highest in the world. Thus, it is a great challenge to the successful working of democracy.

(iv) Communalism: Communalism was and continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in our country. Sometimes it takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre. The incidents occurred at Godhra, Muzaffarnagar and Dadri can be mentioned in this regard.

(v) Casteism: This is also a major problem of Indian democracy. Ours is a caste-ridden society. Caste is an important source of economic inequality because it regulates access to resources of various kinds. The upper castes are best off, the Dalits and Adivasis are worst off, and the backward classes are in between. Politics too influences the caste system and caste identities by bringing them into the political arena.

Question 2.
What is the meaning of democratic reforms? How can democratic reforms be carried out? Explain with examples.
OR
What are the guidelines to be kept in mind while adopting political reforms in India?
Answer:
Generally, all the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called democratic reforms or political reforms. Since different countries face different challenges, so it is not wise to prescribe the same recipe of desirable political reforms. India is not an exception. Hence, some broad guidelines are to be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in the country-

(i) Law has an important role to play in political reform. Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. But legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy. Democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activities, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens.

(ii) Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes the results may be counter productive. Generally, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. The Right to Information Act is a good example of a law that empowers the people to find out what is happening in government.

(iii) Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice. Therefore, the main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practice. This can be possible by increasing and improving the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens.

(iv) Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how. It is not very wise to think that the legislatures will pass legislations that go against the interest of all the political parties and MPs. But measures that rely on democratic movements, citizens’ organisation and the media are likely to succeed.

Question 3.
How is deepening of democracy a major challenge to modern democracies? Explain.
Answer:
Three challenges faced by democracy-

Foundational challenge
Challenge of expansion
Challenge of deepening of democracy.

(b) But ordinary people have different expectations from democracy in different societies. Therefore, this challenge takes different meanings and paths in different parts of the world.

Challenges to Democracy Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 8 Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions

Question 1.
How is Myanmar facing the foundational challenge of making a transition to democracy? Explain.
Answer:
Myanmar is a country which is facing the foundational challenge of making a transition to democracy. In 1962, the democratic rule came to an end with a military coup. In 1990, elections were held for the first time after almost 30 years, and the National League for Democracy, led by Aung San Suu Kyi won the election, but the military leaders of Myanmar refused to step down and did not recognise the election results.

Instead the military put the elected pro-democracy leaders, including Suu Kyi under house arrest. Although she has been freed now, but military is still in power in Myanmar and a democratic government has not been established there so far. Due to the coercive policies of the military-ruled government in the country, lakhs of people there have been dislocated. Yet the people in Myanmar are still struggling to establish a democratic government in their country. Let’s see when it becomes a democracy.

Question 2.
How far has India succeeded in overcoming the challenge of expansion before its democracy? Evaluate.
Answer:
Like most of the established democracies in the world, India too faces the challenge of expansion.

India applies basic principles of democracy across all the regions, different social groups and various institutions.
Federal principles have been extended to all units of federation giving the right to make laws on the subjects in the State List.
Power has been decentralised to the level of villages and towns. Panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas were set up in all the states.
Reservation of seats has ensured the participation of women, the minority groups, SCs, STs and OBCs in the governance of the country.
Attempts are made so that less and less decisions remain outside the arena of democratic control.

Challenges to Democracy Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 8 Value-based Questions (VBQs)

Question 1.
What do you mean by foundational challenge in democracy? What values can help to overcome this challenge?
Answer:
Transition to democratic institutions from non-democratic regimes, separation of military from governing authority, establishing a sovereign and a functional state may be some of the foundational challenges in democracies.
The values that may help overcome these challenges are-

Honesty
Equality
Freedom

Question 2.
How are the challenges to democracy linked to the possibility of political reforms? Explain.
Answer:
Democracy is the predominant form of government in the contemporary world but it has also faced many challenges. There are three types of challenges faced by democratic countries i.e. foundational challenge, challenge of expansion and deepening of democracy.

Every challenge of democracy is linked with the possibility of reforms. Broad guidelines like legal and political practices and legislative measures can be kept in mind while devising ways for political reforms. The Right to Information Act is a successful example of a law that has enabled people to carry out democratic reforms. Democratic reforms can be carried out by political parties, pressure groups and above all the politically conscious citizens.

Question 3.
Give a broader meaning of democracy.
OR
Mention some of the features that are important for a good democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people. This is a simple definition of democracy. We can add some qualifications to this definition of democracy to give it a broader and more clear meaning. These qualifications are given below-

The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions.
Elections must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers.
This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis.
The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rules of the Constitution and citizens’ rights.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers Outcomes of Democracy

September 3, 2020 by Laxmi

In this page, you can find CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers Outcomes of Democracy Pdf free download, NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science will make your practice complete.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers Outcomes of Democracy

Outcomes of Democracy Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 7 Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Why is a democratic government better than other alternatives?
Answer:
A democratic government is better than other alternatives because it transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citizen.

Question 2.
How can you say that democracies are based on political equality?
Answer:
Democracies are based on political equality as individuals have equal weight in electing representatives.

Question 3.
What is transparency in a democracy?
Answer:
In a democracy, if a citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures can find this out. He/she has the right and the means to examine the process of decision making. This is known as transparency.

Question 4.
Non-democratic rulers are very quick and efficient in decision making and implementation. What is the reason behind it?
Answer:
Non-democratic rulers do not have to bother about deliberation in assemblies or worry about majorities and public opinion.

Question 5.
Why is there overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world? Give one reason.
Answer:
It is because a democratic government is the people’s own government.

Question 6.
What are the basis of democracy?
Answer:
The passion for respect and freedom of the citizens are the basis of democracy.

Question 7.
“Equal treatment to women” is a necessary ingredient of a democratic society. What does this mean?
Answer:
It means that women are now treated equality in the political domain.

Question 8.
What is the most distinctive feature of democracy?
Answer:
Its examination never gets over. As democracy passes one test, it produces another test.

Question 9.
What is the most basic outcome of democracy?
Answer:
It produces a government that is accountable to the citizens and responsive to the need and expectations of the citizens.

Question 10.
What is the dilemma about democracy?
Answer:
Democracy is seen to be good in principle, but felt to be not so good in its practice.

Outcomes of Democracy Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 7 Short Answers Type

Question 1.
What are the differences between democratic and non-democratic governments in the decision-making process?
Answer:

Democratic Government	Non-democratic Government
1. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberations and negotiations.	1. No such deliberations or negotiations are held.
2. Democratic government takes into account the public opinion before reaching a decision.	2. They do not care about public opinions.
3. There is some delay in taking a decision due to deliberations and negotiations but these decisions are effective.	3. They can take quick decisions, but these are sometimes less effective and forced on people.

Question 2.
How is democracy accountable and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens? Analyse.
Answer:
(i) Democracy ensures that people will have the right to choose their rulers and they will have control over the rulers. Whenever possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in decision making that effects them all.

(ii) Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures. So, a citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures can find this out. He/she has the right and the means to examine the process of decision making.

(iii) Democracy carries regular, free and fair elections. There is open debate on major policies and legislations. Citizens enjoy the right to information about the government and its functioning.

Question 3.
“Some people think that democracy produces a less effective government.” Analyse the statement.
Answer:
There are many reasons why people think democracy a less effective government—

Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignore the demands of a majority of its population.
Most democracies fall short of elections that provide a fair chance to everyone and is subjecting every decision to public debate.
Democratic governments do not have a very good record when it comes to sharing information with citizens.
Democracy is unable to achieve higher economic development. It has also showed failure in reduc¬ing economic inequalities.
Democratically elected governments do not appear to be as keen to address the question of poverty as we would expect them to.

Question 4.
How is democratic government known as responsive government? Explain with an example.
Answer:
(i) Democracy produces an accountable government because –

It provides regular, free and fair elections.
It carries open public debate on major policies and legislations.
It gives citizens the right to information about the government and its functioning.

(ii) Democracy produces a responsive government because the government is formed by the elected representatives of the people. These representatives discuss the problems of the society and make
policies and programmes accordingly. Afterwards, they implement these policies and programmes.

(iii) Democracy produces a legitimate government because it is people’s own government. It is they who through their representatives form and run the government for themselves.

(i) Democracy ensures that people will have the right to choose their rulers and they will have control over the rulers. Whenever possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in decision making that effects them all.

(iii) Democracy carries regular, free and fair elections. There is open debate on major policies and legislations. Citizens enjoy the right to information about the government and its functioning.

Question 5.
Why is democratic government known as legitimate government? Explain.
Answer:
Democracy produces a legitimate government through the following mechanism—

It conducts regular, free and fair elections, that ensure the accountability of the government and election of representatives to legislate and govern on behalf of people.
It carries open public debate on major policies and legislations.
It enables citizens to enjoy the right to information about the government and its functioning.

Outcomes of Democracy Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 7 Long Answers Type

Question 1.
Evidence shows that in practice many democracies did not fulfil the expectation of producing economic development in the country. Validate the statement with the help of relevant example.
OR
“In actual life, democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities.” Explain by giving examples.
Answer:
If we consider all democracies and all dictatorships for the fifty years between 1950 and 2000, dictatorships have slightly higher rate of economic growth.

Economic development depends on several factors: country’s population size, global situation, cooperation from other countries, economic priorities adopted by the country, etc.

However, the difference in the rates of economic development between less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies is negligible. Overall, it cannot be said that democracy is a guarantee of economic development. But we can expect democracy not to lag behind dictatorships in this respect.

When such a significant difference in the rates of economic growth between countries under dictatorship and democracy, it is better to prefer democracy as it has several other positive outcomes. Example-In Bangladesh, more than half of its population lives in poverty.

Question 2.
Has democracy led to the promotion of dignity and freedom of citizens? Discuss with example.
Answer:
Democracy is much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of individuals.

Democracy ensures that the conflicts that arise among the individuals because they might feel alienated or unequal are checked and equality of socio-political and economic kind is ensured to all.
The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. This principle is universally recognized.
Most societies are male dominated and women do not get equal chance. In democracies equal respect and treatment to women has been accepted.
Democracies especially in countries with diversity such as India have recognized the claims of the backward and disadvantaged sections of society and they are granted equal status and opportunity.
People can publicly express their dissatisfaction with democracy and thus make it more legitimate and responsive.

Question 3.
Explain any four consequences on which democracy has failed.
Answer:
(i) Democracy is considered a better government than any other forms of government. So it is obvious that one can expect better economic growth and development. But evidences show that in practice many democracies have failed on this point. If we consider all democracies and all dictatorships for the fifty years between 1950 and 2000, dictatorships have slightly higher rate of economic growth.

(ii) Perhaps more than development, it is reasonable to expect democracies to reduce economic disparities. But the fact is that we see a wide gap between the rich and the poor. A small number of ultra rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and incomes. Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon.

(iii) In substantive terms it may be reasonable to expect from democracy a government that is attentive to the needs and demands of the people and is largely free of corruption. The record of democracies is not impressive on these points. Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignore the demands of a majority of its population.

The routine tales of corruption are enough to convince us that democracy is not free of this evil. We have seen that democratically elected governments do not appear to be as keen to address the question of poverty as we would expect them to. For example, in Bangladesh, more than half of its population lives in poverty.

Question 4.
“Democracy is seen to be good in principle but felt to be not so good in practice.” Justify the statement.
Answer:
Most of the people support democracy against other alternatives, such as rule by a monarch or military or religious leaders. But not so many of them would be satisfied with the democracies in practice. Although democracies produce good governments, they usually fail to produce development. Evidence shows that in practice many democracies did not fulfil this expectation.

Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives. But they fail to bring economic equality. A small number of ultra rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and incomes. Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon. In actual life, democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities.

Outcomes of Democracy Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 7 Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions

Question 1.
How is democracy a better form of government in comparison with other forms of governments?
OR
Why is democracy better than other forms of governments?
OR
Describe any five characteristics of democracy.
OR
How are the democratic governments better than the other forms of governments compare.
Answer:
Democracy is a better form of government in comparison with other forms of governments because of the following reasons –

(i) Democracy promotes equality among citizens as it is based on the fundamental principle of political equality. In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.

(ii) It enhances the dignity and freedom of the individual. People are not subjects of a ruler, they are the rulers themselves. Even if they make mistakes, they are responsible for their conduct.

(iii) Democracy improves the quality of decision-making. A democratic decision always involves many persons, discussions and meetings. So, some delay is bound to take place. But because it has followed procedures, its decisions may be both more acceptable to the people and more effective.

(iv) It provides methods to resolve conflicts. These conflicts can be solved by brutal power. But that would lead to resentment and unhappiness. Democracy provides the only peaceful solution to the problem.

(v) It allows room to correct mistakes. There is no guarantee that mistakes cannot be made in democracy. But such mistakes cannot be hidden for long in democracy. There is space for public discussion on these mistakes. And there is a room for correction.

Question 2.
‘Transparency is the most important feature of democracy’. Support the statement.
Answer:
Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures. So, a citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through correct procedures can find this out. He/she has the right and means to examine the process of decision making. This is transparency.

In India citizens have been given the Right to Information about government and its functioning. Thus, democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think fit.

Question 3.
“Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens”. Support the statement with examples.
Answer:
It will be a fair explanation that democracy should produce a harmonious social life. We have seen in earlier chapters how democracies accommodate various social divisions. For example-In Belgium, the leaders realised that the unity of the country was possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions. Such a realisation resulted in mutually acceptable arrangements for sharing power.

Democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the possibility of such tensions becoming explosive or violent. Also, democracy gives a chance to every citizen to express his/her views on any issue freely. This leads to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens.

Question 4.
Explain any four features that are common in all the democratic setups of government.
Answer:

In all the democracies, government is formed by the representatives who are elected by the people.
In all the democracies, the government is accountable to the people. If the government fails to fulfill the wishes of the people, it has a fair chance to be removed even before its normal tenure.
They have formed Constitution.
They have political parties. The one which gets an absolute majority forms the government.
They gurantee rights of citizens.

Outcomes of Democracy Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 7 Value-based Questions (VBQs)

Question 1.
“An ideal government would not keep itself away from corruption but also make fighting corruption and black money a top priority.” Justify the statement by highlighting the values attached to it.
Answer:
(i) An ideal government ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures. It gives its citizens the right and means to examine the process of decision making. In this, it maintains transparency.

(ii) An ideal government develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think fit.

(iii) An ideal government makes all efforts to develop a corruption-free society. It passes anti-corruption laws which have deterrent effects on those who are corrupt.

(iv) It does not only lay stress on education but also gives much importance to people’s morality. It teaches them how to build a national character.

Question 2.
“A democratic government is efficient and effective.” Analyse the statement.
Answer:
(i) Democracy is a form of government in which people have the right to choose their rulers and have control over them. Whenever possible and necessary, people participate in decision making, that affects them all.

(ii) In a democratic government, elections are held regularly. They offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers. This choice of opportunity is available to all the people on an equal basis. The exercise of this choice leads to a government limited by basic rules of the Constitution and Citizens’ rights.

(iii) Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts. In any society, people are bound to have differences of opinions and interests. They look at the world very differently and have different preferences. The preferences of one group can clash with those of other groups. It is only democracy which is able to accommodate various social divisions and that without any violence.

Question 3.
How has democracy promoted the dignity of women?
Answer:
(i) Most societies across the world were historically male-dominated. Long struggles by women have created some sensitivity today that respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society.

(ii) It does not mean that women are actually always treated with respect. But once the principle is recognised, it becomes easier for women to wage a struggle against what is now unacceptable legally and morally. In a non-democratic set up, this unacceptability would not have legal basis.

(iii) Democracy ensures women’s political representation in the government. Although their proportion has been very low, the modern democracy is making all efforts to increase their share in the government by politically empowering them.

Question 4.
Mention five value attached with democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is a better form of government in comparison with other forms of governments because of the following reasons –

(ii) It enhances the dignity and freedom of the individual. People are not subjects of a ruler, they are the rulers themselves. Even if they make mistakes, they are responsible for their conduct.

What is Energy in Physics | Definition, Formula, Types, Units – Work, Energy and Power

September 4, 2020September 2, 2020 by Laxmi

Energy Definition Physics:
The energy of a body is its capacity of doing work. It is a scalar quantity.

We are giving a detailed and clear sheet on all Physics Notes that are very useful to understand the Basic Physics Concepts.

What is Energy in Physics | Definition, Formula, Types, Units – Work, Energy and Power

SI unit of energy:
SI unit is joule

CGS unit of energy:
CGS unit is erg.

Energy Dimensional Formula:
Dimensional formula is [ML²T^-2].

Types of Energy:
There are several types of energies, such as

Mechanical Energy
- Kinetic Energy
- Potential Energy
Chemical Energy
Light Energy
Heat Energy
Sound Energy
Nuclear Energy
Electric Energy

Mechanical Energy Definition:
The sum of kinetic and potential energy is known as mechanical energy.

Mechanical Energy Types:
1. Kinetic Energy Definition:
The energy possessed by any object by virtue of its motion is called its kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy of an object is given by K = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mv² = \(\frac{p^{2}}{2 m}\)
where, m = mass of the object, v = velocity of the object and p = mv = momentum of the object.

2. Potential Energy Definition:
The energy possessed by any object by virtue of its position or configuration is called its potential energy.
In one dimensional motion, potential energy U(x) is defined if force F(x) can be written as
F(x) = \(-\frac{d U}{d x}\)
or
F(x) . dx = -dU
or
\(\int_{x_{i}}^{x_{f}} F(x) \cdot d x=-\int_{U_{i}}^{U_{f}} d U=U_{i}-U_{f}\)

Potential energy is defined only for conservative forces. It does not exist for non-conservative forces.
Potential energy depends upon frame of reference.

Types of Potential Energy
There are three important types of potential energies.

Gravitational Potential Energy
Elastic Potential Energy
Electric Potential Energy

(i) Gravitational Potential Energy:
If a body of mass m is raised through a height h against gravity, then its gravitational potential energy = mgh.

(ii) Elastic Potential Energy:
If a spring of spring constant k is stretched through a distance x, then elastic potential energy of the spring
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) kx².
Energy

The variation of potential energy with distance is shown in figure.

(iii) Electric Potential Energy:
The electric potential energy of two point charges q₁ and q₂ separated by a distance r in vacuum is given by
Energy in Physics

Equilibrium
If the forces acting an the object are conservative and it is in equilibrium, then

F_net = 0 ⇒ \(\frac{-d U}{d r}\) = 0 or \(\frac{d U}{d r}\) = 0

Types of Equilibrium Physics
Equilibrium of an object or system can be divided into three types
(i) Stable equilibrium Physics:
An object is said to be in stable equilibrium, if on slight displacement from equilibrium position, it has the tendency to come back.
Here, \(\frac{d^{2} U}{d r^{2}}\) = positive

(ii) Unstable equilibrium Physics:
An object is said to be in unstable equilibrium, if on slight displacement from equilibrium position, it moves in the direction of displacement.
Here, \(\frac{d^{2} U}{d r^{2}}\) = negative

(iii) Neutral equilibrium Physics:
An object is said to be in neutral equilibrium, if on displacement from its equilibrium position, it has neither the tendency to move in direction of displacement nor to come back to equilibrium position.
Here, \(\frac{d^{2} U}{d r^{2}}\) = 0

Work-Energy Theorem:
Work done by a force in displacing a body is equal to change in its kinetic energy.

where, K_i = initial kinetic energy
and K_f = final kinetic energy.

Regarding the work-energy theorem, it is worth noting that
(i) If W_net is positive, then K_f – K_i= positive, i.e. K_f > K_i or kinetic energy will increase and vice-versa.

(ii) This theorem can be applied to non-inertial frames also. In a non-inertial frame it can be written as Work done by all the forces (including the Pseudo force) = Change in kinetic energy in non-inertial frame.

Other Forms of Energy
Heat Energy Definition:
A body possess heat energy due to the disorderly motion of its molecules. Heat energy is also related to the internal energy of the body.

Chemical Energy Definition:
Chemical energy is stored in the chemical bonds of atoms and molecules. If the total energy of the reactant is more than the product of the reaction, then heat is released and the reaction is said to be an exothermic reaction. If the reverse is true, then heat is absorbed and the reaction is endothermic.

Electrical Energy Definition:
It is the energy which is associated with the flow of electric current or with charging or discharging of a body.

Nuclear Energy Definition:
It is the binding energy of the nucleus of an atom. It is used in nuclear reactors, nuclear fission etc.

Mass-Energy Equivalence:
According to Einstein, the mass can be transformed into energy and vice-versa. When Δm mass disappears, then produced energy,
E = Δmc²
where, c is the speed of light in vacuum.

Work	Energy
Conservation of Energy	Power
Collisions	Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
Collisions in Two Dimensions

What is Work in Physics | Definition, Formula, Units – Work, Energy and Power

September 4, 2020September 2, 2020 by Laxmi

Work Physics Definition:
When a force acts on an object such that it displaces through some distance in the direction of applied force, then the work is said to be done by the force.

We are giving a detailed and clear sheet on all Physics Notes that are very useful to understand the Basic Physics Concepts.

What is Work in Physics | Definition, Formula, Units – Work, Energy, and Power

Work done by the force is equal to the product of the force and the displacement of the object in the direction of force.

If under a constant force F the object is displaced through a distance s, then work done by the force

W = F • s = Fs cos θ

where, θ is the smaller angle between F and s.
Work is a scalar quantity.

Work Units in Physics:
Its SI unit is joule and CGS unit is erg.

∴ 1 joule = 10⁷ erg

Dimensional Formula of Work:
Its dimensional formula is [ML²T^-2].

Work done by a force is zero, if
(a) body is not displaced actually, i.e. s = 0.
(b) body is displaced perpendicular to the direction of force, i.e. θ = 90°.

Work done by a force is positive, if angle between F and s is acute angle.
Work done by a force is negative, if angle between F and s is obtuse angle.
Work done by a constant force depends only on the initial and final positions of the object and not on the actual path followed between initial and final positions.

Work done in different conditions
(i) Work done by a variable force is given by

\(W=\int \mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbf{d s}\)

It is equal to the area under the force-displacement graph, along with proper sign.
work
Work done = Area ABCDA

(ii) Work done in displacing any body under the action of a number of forces is equal to the work done by the resultant force.

(iii) In equilibrium (static or dynamic), the resultant force is zero, therefore resultant work done is zero.

(iv) If work done by a force during a rough trip of a system is zero, then the force is conservative, otherwise it is called non-conservative force.

Gravitational force, electrostatic force, magnetic force etc are conservative forces. All the central forces are conservative forces.
Frictional force, viscous force etc are non-conservative forces.

(v) Work done by the force of gravity on a particle of mass m is given by W = mgh
where, g is acceleration due to gravity and h is height through which the particle is displaced.

(vi) Work done in compressing or stretching a spring is given by

W = \(-\frac{1}{2}\)kx²

where, k is spring constant and x is displacement from mean position.

(vii) When on end of a spring is attached to a fixed vertical support and a block attached to the free end moves on a horizontal
table from x = x₁ to x = x₂, then W = \(\frac{1}{2}\) k (x²₂ – x₁²).

(viii) Work done by the couple for an angular displacement θ is given by W = τ • θ, where τ is the torque of the couple.

Work	Energy
Conservation of Energy	Power
Collisions	Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
Collisions in Two Dimensions

Rocket Meaning Physics | Formula, Equation – Laws of Motion

September 2, 2020September 2, 2020 by Laxmi

Rocket Meaning Physics | Formula, Equation – Laws of Motion

We are giving a detailed and clear sheet on all Physics Notes that are very useful to understand the Basic Physics Concepts.

Rocket Meaning Physics:
Rocket is an example of variable mass following law of conservation of momentum.
Thrust on the rocket at any instant,
F = -u \(\frac{d M}{d t}\)
where, u = exhaust speed of the burnt gases and \(\frac{d M}{d t}\) = rate of combustion of fuel.
Velocity of rocket at any instant is given by v = v₀ + u log_e\(\left(\frac{M_{0}}{M}\right)\)
where, v₀ = initial velocity of the rocket,
M_o = initial mass of the rocket and
M = present mass of the rocket.
If effect of gravity is taken into account, then speed of rocket
v = v₀ + u log_e\(\left(\frac{M_{0}}{M}\right)\) – gt

Laws of Motion:
There are various laws in Physics that define the motion of the object. When an object is in motion whether it is linear or circular there is some force which is always imposed on it.

What is Inertia of Motion	Force
Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum	Impulse
Laws of Motion	Rocket
Equilibrium of a Particle	Weight
Friction	Motion on a Rough Inclined Plane
Motion of Bodies in Contact	Pulley Mass System

For Anne Gregory Class 10 MCQ Questions with Answers English Poem 11

September 3, 2020September 2, 2020 by Laxmi

We have compiled NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 10 English First Flight Poem 11 For Anne Gregory with Answers Pdf free download. MCQ Questions for Class 10 English with Answers were prepared according to the latest question paper pattern. Practicing these For Anne Gregory Class 10 English MCQs Questions with Answers really effective to improve your basics and learn all the key concepts.

MCQ Questions for Class 10 English First Flight Poem 11 For Anne Gregory with Answers

Question 1.
Why does she want to dye her hair?
(a) So that young men may not for her brown hair.
(b) So that young men may not for her green hair.
(c) So that young men may not for her yellow hair.
(d) None of the above

Answer

Answer: (c) So that young men may not for her yellow hair.

Question 2.
What did the text say?
(a) God and animals who loves you for yourself alone.
(b) God alone who loves you for yourself alone.
(c) God and friends who loves you for yourself alone.
(d) None of the above

Answer

Answer: (b) God alone who loves you for yourself alone.

Question 3.
What feature of the woman has put the young man into despair?
(a) The outer part of the woman’s nose
(b) The outer part of the woman’s eyes
(c) The outer part of the woman’s ear
(d) The outer part of the woman’s lips

Answer

Answer: (c) The outer part of the woman’s ear

Question 4.
How can the young woman dye her hair?
(a) She can dye her hair with brown, grey or carrot colour.
(b) She can dye her hair with brown, black or carrot colour.
(c) She can dye her hair with brown, green or carrot colour.
(d) She can dye her hair with brown, grey or green colour.

Answer

Answer: (a) She can dye her hair with brown, grey or carrot colour.

Question 5.
For what will the man love her?
(a) The man will love her for behaviour.
(b) The man will love her for wealth.
(c) The man will love her for herself.
(d) The man will love her for beauty.

Answer

Answer: (c) The man will love her for herself.

Question 6.
What hair colour is the lover attracted to?
(a) carrot
(b) black
(c) brown
(d) yellow

Answer

Answer: (d) yellow

Question 7.
What is the mood of the young man?
(a) sad
(b) happy
(c) romantic
(d) miserable

Answer

Answer: (a) sad

Question 8.
What does the girl think she can do to get rid of lovers?
(a) cut her hair
(b) dye her hair
(c) cover her hair
(d) all of them

Answer

Answer: (b) dye her hair

Question 9.
Name the literary device used in the line “and set such colour there”
(a) Oxymoron
(b) Alliteration
(c) Assonance
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (b) Alliteration

Question 10.
Who is the poet of the poem “For Anne Gregory”?
(a) Carl Sandburg
(b) William Butler Yeats
(c) Carolyn Wells
(d) Walt Whitman

Answer

Answer: (b) William Butler Yeats

We hope the given NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 10 English First Flight Poem 11 For Anne Gregory with Answers Pdf free download will definitely yield fruitful results. If you have any queries related to CBSE Class 10 English Poem For Anne Gregory MCQs Multiple Choice Questions with Answers, drop your questions below and will get back to you in no time.

The Tale of Custard the Dragon Class 10 MCQ Questions with Answers English Poem 10

September 3, 2020September 2, 2020 by Laxmi

We have compiled NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 10 English First Flight Poem 10 The Tale of Custard the Dragon with Answers Pdf free download. MCQ Questions for Class 10 English with Answers were prepared according to the latest question paper pattern. Practicing these The Tale of Custard the Dragon Class 10 English MCQs Questions with Answers really effective to improve your basics and learn all the key concepts.

MCQ Questions for Class 10 English First Flight Poem 10 The Tale of Custard the Dragon with Answers

Question 1.
What happened to the pirate?
(a) He got hurt by dragon
(b) He got a new ship
(c) He got a new workers.
(d) He was killed by the dragon.

Answer

Answer: (d) He was killed by the dragon.

Question 2.
Who faced the pirate bravely?
(a) Blink
(b) Custard
(c) Ink
(d) Rither

Answer

Answer: (b) Custard

Question 3.
What was the name of Belinda’s little black kitten?
(a) Blink
(b) Custard
(c) Ink
(d) Rither

Answer

Answer: (c) Ink

Question 4.
What name was given to the dragon?
(a) Blink
(b) Custard
(c) Shrake
(d) Rither

Answer

Answer: (b) Custard

Question 5.
Who was Blink?
(a) Belinda’s little grey rat.
(b) Belinda’s little grey mouse.
(c) Belinda’s little grey dog.
(d) Belinda’s little grey dragon.

Answer

Answer: (b) Belinda’s little grey mouse.

Question 6.
Who saved everyone from the pirate?
(a) kitten
(b) mouse
(c) dragon
(d) dog

Answer

Answer: (c) dragon

Question 7.
Name the poetic device used in the line “mouth like a fireplace”
(a) Oxymoron
(b) metaphor
(c) Assonance
(d) Simile

Answer

Answer: (d) Simile

Question 8.
Name the poetic device used in the line “And the little yellow dog was sharp as mustard”
(a) Oxymoron
(b) metaphor
(c) Assonance
(d) Simile

Answer

Answer: (d) Simile

Question 9.
What was the name of the grey mouse?
(a) Custard
(b) ink
(c) blink
(d) mustard

Answer

Answer: (c) blink

Question 10.
Who is the poet of the poem “The tale of Custard the Dragon”?
(a) Carl Sandburg
(b) Ogden Nash
(c) Carolyn Wells
(d) Walt Whitman

Answer

Answer: (b) Ogden Nash

We hope the given NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 10 English First Flight Poem 10 The Tale of Custard the Dragon with Answers Pdf free download will definitely yield fruitful results. If you have any queries related to CBSE Class 10 English Poem The Tale of Custard the Dragon MCQs Multiple Choice Questions with Answers, drop your questions below and will get back to you in no time.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers Popular Struggles and Movements

September 2, 2020 by Laxmi

In this page, you can find CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers Popular Struggles and Movements Pdf free download, NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science will make your practice complete.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers Popular Struggles and Movements

Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 5 Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Give one special feature that distinguishes a pressure group from a political party.
Answer:
One special feature that distinguishes a pressure group from a political party is that pressure groups do not seek to get into power, while political parties do.

Question 2.
With the help of an example each compare a single-issue movement and a long-term movement.
Answer:

Single-issue movements are those which seek to achieve a single objective within a limited time period; for example, Narmada Bachao Andolan.
Long term movements are those which seek to achieve a long goal in a very long term; for example, environmental movements.

Question 3.
Who dissolved the popularly elected parliament in February 2005 in Nepal?
Answer:
King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal, dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the popularly elected parliament in February 2005.

Question 4.
What was the main role of FEDECOR organisation in Bolivia?
Answer:
The main role of FEDECOR organisation involved claims over an elected government to protest against its policy of water privatisation.

Question 5.
What was the main aim of the popular movement of April 2006, in Nepal?
Answer:
The main aim of the popular movement of April 2006, in Nepal was to regain popular control over the government from the king in order to restore democracy in the country.

Question 6.
Who formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) in Nepal?
Answer:
All the major political parties in the parliament formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) in Nepal.

Question 7.
What was the main reason of Bolivia’s water war?
Answer:
The main reason of Bolivia’s water war was privatisation of water. The government in Bolivia sold the water rights to a private company which increased the price of water by four times. This added to the suffering of the poor people of the country. Finally, they started protests.

Question 8.
What was the first step that the SPA took after it restored parliament in Nepal?
Answer:
They passed laws taking away most of the powers of the king.

Question 9.
Who formed a new alliance in Bolivia in January 2000 and for what reason?
Answer:
In January 2000, a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a four-day strike in Bolivia to protest against the privatisation of water.

Question 10.
How was the popular struggle in Nepal different from that of Bolivia? Give one point.
Answer:
The popular struggle in Nepal was about the foundations of the country’s policies, while the struggle in Bolivia was about one specific policy.

Question 11.
Which special feature distinguishes a movement from an interest group?
Answer:
Movements are usually issue-specific to achieve a single objective within a limited time period while interest groups seek to promote the interests of a particular section or group of society.

Question 12.
Why are sectional interest groups called so? What are their chief concern?
Answer:
Sectional interest groups are called so because they represent a section of society which includes workers, employees, business persons, industrialists, followers of a religion, caste group, etc. Their principal concern is the betterment and well-being of their members, not society in general.

Question 13.
What are promotional groups or public interest groups?
Answer:
Promotional groups or public interest groups promote collective rather than selective good. They aim to help groups other than their own members.

Question 14.
What is the full form of BAMCEF? What is its principal concern?
Answer:
BAMCEF – Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation. The principal concern of this organisation is with social justice and social equality for the entire society.

Question 15.
What is the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005?
Answer:
The RTI Act, 2005 is a landmark legislation passed by the Indian Parliament. Under this Act, citizens can seek information from government offices pertaining to different activities.

Question 16.
What is the main objective of National Alliance for People’s Movements (NAPM)?
Answer:
The National Alliance for People’s Movements (NAPM) is an organisation of organisations. It coordinates the activities of a large number of people’s movements in our country.

Question 17.
What was the outcome of Bolivia’s water war?
Answer:
The water contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates.

Question 18.
What was common in both the struggles i.e. in Nepal and Bolivia?
Answer:
Both these struggles involved mass mobilisation and remained successful.

Question 19.
What was the objective of the Narmada Bachao Andolan in the beginning?
Answer:
In the beginning, its objective was to stop Sardar Sarovar dam being constructed on the Narmada river.

Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 5 Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Describe the three major demands put forward by the Seven Party Alliance in Nepal.
Answer:
The three major demands put forward by the Seven Party Alliance in Nepal were-

Restoration of Parliament
Power to an all party government
A new constituent assembly.

Question 2.
How are popular struggles integral to the working democracy? Explain with an example of Bolivia’s struggle against privatisation of water?
Answer:
Democracy is formed only after struggles take place. So obviously struggles are an integral part of a democracy. This statement is given in the context of Bolivia’s struggle against privatisation of water. Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply. Hence, the government sold the water rights to an MNC which increased the price of water by four times. This enraged the people.

They fought against the privatisation of water and finally made the officials of the MNC flee. The government then conceded to all their demands. The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates. This came to be known as Bolivia’s Water War. It reminds us that popular struggles are integral to the working of democracy.

Question 3.
What are pressure groups? How are they formed? Explain.
Answer:
Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective. Pressure groups are either formed or led by the leaders of political parties or act as extended arms of political parties. For example, most trade unions and students’ organisations in India are either established by, or affiliated to one or the other major political party.

Question 4.
Describe the popular struggle against privatisation of water in Bolivia.
Answer:
(i) Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. In 2000, the democratically elected government, under the pressure from the World Bank, sold the water rights to an MNC. The company immediately increased the price of water by four times. This worsened the condition of already poor Bolivians. They found it difficult to pay the water bill. This led to a spontaneous popular struggle.

(ii) In January 2000, a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a successful four day general strike in the city of Cochabamba. The government agreed to negotiate and the strike was called off. Yet nothing happened. The police restored to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in February.

(iii) Another strike followed in April and the government imposed martial law. But the power of the people forced the officials of the MNC to flee the city and made the government concede to all the demands of the protesters.

(iv) The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates. This came to be known as Bolivia’s Water War.

Question 5.
Explain with examples, how movements are different from interest groups.
Answer:

Movement	Interest group
(i) Movements have a loose organisation. (ii) Their decision making is more informal and flexible. (iii) They depend on spontaneous mass participation. (iv) Example- Narmada Bachao Andolan.	(i) Interest groups have a strong organisation. (ii) Their decision making is more formal and non-flexible. (iii) They have permanent members. (iv) Example- BAMCEF (Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation.)

Question 6.
What are the differences between the pressure groups and political parties?
Answer:

Pressure group	Political party
(i) It is an organisation formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.	(i) It is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.
(ii) Pressure groups do not directly control or share political power.	(ii) Political parties directly control or share political power.
(iii) Pressure groups are not accountable to the people.	(iii) Political parties are accountable to the people.
(iv) Pressure groups are informal, often secretive, conceited and conspiratorial and sometimes even unrecognised entities.	(iv) Political parties are the formal, open and recognised part of the political system competing for power.
(v) Pressure groups often take help of marches, demonstrations, strikes, fasts, etc. to achieve their goals.	(v) Political parties use only constitu-tional means to achieve their goals.
(vi) Pressure groups are confined to a few people.	(vi) Political parties involve larger number of people.

Question 7.
What are sectional interest groups? Give two examples.
Answer:
Sectional interest groups are organisations that seek to promote the interests of a particular sections or group of society. They represent a section of society which includes workers, employees, businessmen, industrialists, followers of a religion, caste group, etc. Their principal concern is the betterment and well-being of their members, not society in general. Examples – Trade unions, business associations, etc.

Question 8.
How can you say that Narmada Bachao Andolan was both issue-specific as well as general movement?
Answer:
(i) Narmada Bachao Andolan started with the specific issue of the people displaced by the creation of Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada river. Its objective was to stop the dam from being constructed.

(ii) Gradually, it became a wider movement that questioned all such big dams and the model of development that required such dams.

(iii) Movements of this kind tend to have a clear leadership. But their active life is usually short.

Question 9.
Distinguish between single-issue movement and long-term movement.
Answer:
(i) Single-issue movement seeks to achieve a single objective within a limited time frame whereas long-term movement involves more than one issue. For example, The movement for democracy in Nepal was a single-issue movement whereas the environmental movement and the women’s movement are examples of long-term movements.

(ii) Single-issue movements have some sort of an organisation whereas long-term movements are not controlled or guided by a single organisation. These are broad movements that have a loose umbrella organisation as well.

Question 10.
Which organisation led Bolivia’s Water War? Give a brief assessment of it.
Answer:
The protest against water privatisation in Bolivia was led by an organisation called FEDECOR. This organisation comprised local professionals, including engineers and environmentalists. They were supported by a federation of farmers who relied on irrigation, the confederation of factory worker’s unions, middle class students from the university of Cochabamba and the city’s growing population of homeless street children.

Question 11.
What does the term BAMCEF signify? Mention its two objectives.
Answer:
BAMCEF stands for Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation. It is an organisation largely made up of government employees that campaigns against caste discrimination. It addresses the problems of its members who suffer discrimination. But its principal concern is with social justice and social equality for the entire society.

Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 5 Long Answers Type

Question 1.
What can we conclude about democracy with reference to popular struggles and movements like Bolivian water war? Explain in detail.
Answer:
(i) Democracy evolves through popular struggles. It is possible that some significant decisions may take place through consensus and may not involve any conflict at all. But that would be an exception.

(ii) Defining moments of democracy usually involve conflict between those groups who have exercised power and those who aspire for a share in power.

(iii) These moments come when the country is going through transition to democracy, expansion of democracy or deepening of democracy.

(iv) Democratic conflict is resolved through mass mobilisation. Sometimes it is possible that the conflict is resolved by using the existing institutions like the Parliament or the judiciary.

(v) These conflicts and mobilisations are based on new political organisations where there is an element of spontaneity in all such historic moments. But the spontaneous public participation becomes effective with the help of organised politics.

Question 2.
How do pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics? Explain with examples
Answer:
Pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics in a variety of ways—

(i) They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals and their activities by carrying out information campaigns, organising meetings, filing petitions, etc. Most of these groups try to influence the media into giving more attention to these issues.

(ii) They often organise protest activity like strikes or disrupting government programmes. Workers’ organisations, employees’ associations and most of the movement groups often resort to these tactics in order to force the government to take note of their demands.

(iii) Business groups often employ professional lobbyists or sponsor expensive advertisements. Some persons from pressure groups or movement groups may participate in official bodies and committees that offer advice to the government. So far interest groups are concerned, they seek to exert influence on political parties.

(iv) In some instances, the pressure groups are either formed or led by the leaders of political parties or act as extended arms of political parties. For example, most trade unions and students’ organisations in India are either established by, or affiliated to one or the other major political party. Most of the leaders of such pressure groups are usually activists and leaders of party.

(y) Sometimes political parties grow out of movements. For example, when the Assam movement led by students against the foreigners’ came to an end, it led to the formation of the Mom Gana Parishad.

Question 3.
Compare the popular struggles of Nepal and Bolivia.
Answer:

Nepal’s movement

Bolivia’s movement

(i) The movement in Nepal was to establish democracy.
(ii) The popular struggle in Nepal was about the foundations of the country’s politics.
(iii) The movement in Nepal was led by a Seven Party Alliance formed by all the major political parties in the Parliament.
(iv) The movement laid the foundation for the establishment of democracy in Nepal.

(i) The struggle in Bolivia involved claims on an elected, democratic government.
(ii) The struggle in Bolivia was about one specific policy.
(iii) The protest against water privatisation in Bolivia was not led by any political party. It was led by an organisation called FEDECOR which comprised local professionals, including engineers and environmentalists.
(iv) The movement forced the government to change its decision.

Question 4.
How has the struggle of the Nepali people become a source of inspiration to democrats all over the world? Explain.
Answer:
(i) Democracy evolves through popular struggles. It is possible that some significant decisions may take place through consensus and may not involve any conflict at all. But that would be an exception.

(ii) Defining moments of democracy usually involve conflict between those groups who have exercised power and those who aspire for a share in power.

(iii) These moments come when the country is going through transition to democracy, expansion of democracy or deepening of democracy.

(iv) Democratic conflict is resolved through mass mobilisation. Sometimes it is possible that the conflict is resolved by using the existing institutions like the Parliament or the judiciary.

Question 5.
Describe the Second popular movement for democracy of Nepal.
Answer:
Nepal had won democracy for the first time in 1990. Although the king formally remained the head of the state, the real power was exercised by popularly elected representatives. King Birendra, who had accepted this transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, was killed in 2001.

King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal was not ready to accept democratic rule. He took advantage of the weakness and unpopularity of the democratically elected government. In February 2005, the king dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the elected Parliament. Hence, a fresh movement started in April 2006 to regain popular control over the government from the king.

The three major demands put forward by the Seven Party Alliance in Nepal were-

Restoration of Parliament
Power to an all party government
A new constituent assembly.

Question 6.
“Democracy evolves through popular struggles.” Support the statement.
Answer:
(i) Democracy evolves through popular struggles. It is possible that some significant decisions may take place through consensus and may not involve any conflict at all. But that would be an exception.

(ii) Defining moments of democracy usually involve conflict between those groups who have exercised power and those who aspire for a share in power.

(iii) These moments come when the country is going through transition to democracy, expansion of democracy or deepening of democracy.

(iv) Democratic conflict is resolved through mass mobilisation. Sometimes it is possible that the conflict is resolved by using the existing institutions like the Parliament or the judiciary.

Question 7.
“The struggle of the Nepali people is a source of inspiration to democrats all over the world.” Support the statement.
Answer:
(i) In Nepal, a popular movement was started in April 2006 with an aim to restore democracy there. The reason was that the new king of Nepal, King Gyanendra was not ready to accept democratic rule in any circumstances.

(ii) All the major political parties in the Parliament formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and called for an indefinite strike. They got help from the Maoist insurgents and various other organisations. Ordinary people of Nepal also supported this movement in large numbers.

(iii) Seeing the gravity of the situation, the king agreed to accept some of the demands of the SPA leaders. But the leaders remained stuck to their three demands—restoration of Parliament, power to an all-party government and a new constituent assembly.

(iv) Finally, the king conceded all the above demands. The SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister of the interim government.

(v) The restored Parliament met and passed laws taking away most of the powers of the king.
The way in which democracy was ultimately restored in Nepal is really inspiring. People were determined and they finally achieved the goal which they were struggling for. This struggle came to be known as Nepal’s second movement for democracy.

Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 5 Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions

Question 1.
How far are pressure groups good for democracy?
Answer:
It may initially appear that it is not healthy for groups that promote interest of one section to have influence in democracy. A democracy must look after the interests of all, not just one section. Also, it may seem that these groups wield power without responsibility.

Political parties have to face the people in elections, but these groups are not accountable to the people. Pressure groups and movements may not get their funds and support from the people. Sometimes, pressure groups with small public support but lots of money can hijack public discussion in favour of their narrow agenda.

But we cannot deny the fact that pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy. Putting pressure on the rulers is not an unhealthy activity in a democracy as long as every one gets this opportunity. Governments can often come under undue pressure from a small group of rich and powerful people.

Public interest groups and movements perform a useful role of countering this undue influence and reminding the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens. Hence, we can say that pressure groups have brought about rough balance of power and accommodation of conflicting interests in democracy.

Question 2.
Differentiate Sectional Interest Groups from Public Interest Groups.
Answer:

Sectional Interest Groups

Public Interest Groups

(i) These groups seek to promote the interests of a particular section or group of society.

(ii) They are sectional because they represent a section of society which includes workers, employees, businessmen, industrialists etc.

(iii) Their principal concern is the betterment and well-being of their members. They have nothing to do with the society in general.

(iv) For example, trade unions, business associations and professional bodies.

(i) These groups undertake activities that benefit people in general.

(ii) They are public because they promote collective rather than selective good. They aim to help groups rather than their own members.

(iii) Their principal concern is the betterment of the entire society. They don’t think for a particular section of the people.

(iv) For example, FEDECOR in Bolivia and BAMCEF in India.

Question 3.
Explain any three common features of the popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia.
OR
Mention similarities between the struggles of Nepal and Bolivia.
OR
Mention three conclusions that can be drawn out from the popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia.
Answer:
The stories of both the struggles share some elements which are relevant to the study of the past and future of democracies-

Both these are instances of political conflict that led to popular struggles.
In both cases the struggle involved mass mobilisation. Public demonstration of mass support settled the dispute.
Both instances involved critical role of political organisations.
Both the struggles were successful. Democracy was finally restored in Nepal and in Bolivia the democratically elected government conceded all the demands of the protesters. The contract with MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates.

Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 5 Value-based Questions (VBQs)

Question 1.
What inspiration do we get from Bolivia’s popular struggle? Explain any three values that we learn from it.
Answer:
The popular struggle in Bolivia was against the privatisation of water. Bolivia is a poor country. The people there could not afford to pay the hike in the monthly water bill. Hence, they fought against the democratically elected government which finally conceded to their demands. As a result, the contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates.

The struggle was successful because people were united and their demand was genuine. They have the right to get water at subsidised rates. When the government failed to do so, it faced mass agitation. The three values that we learn from Bolivia’s Water War are-

If our point is strong, we can raise voice even against the democratically elected government.
We shall win if we are fighting for collective good.
There is tremendous strength in ordinary citizens. It is difficult to suppress them.

Question 2.
Mention three democratic values.
OR
Mention three values associated with democracy.
Answer:
(i) The two words ‘liberty’ and ‘equality’ represent basic values of democratic political systems. Rule by absolute monarchs and emperors has often brought peace and order, but at the cost of personal freedom. Democratic values support the belief that an orderly society can exist in which freedom is preserved. But order and freedom must be balanced.

(ii) Citizens can demand that truth telling by their government be the rule, since trust in their government is an essential part of the bond between the government and governed.

(iii) Citizens are the source of all governmental power. This makes the government accountable to their people.