Tamilnadu State Board Class 10 English Vocabulary Phrase & Clauses
♦ Phrase & Clauses (Text Book Page No.: 108)
A phrase is a related group of words. The words work together as a “unit,” but they do not have a subject and a verb.
Examples of Phrases:
- the boy on the bus (noun phrase)
- will be running (verb phrase)
- in the kitchen (prepositional phrase)
- very quickly (adverb phrase)
- Rama and Sita (noun phrase)
A clause is a group of words that does have both a subject and a verb. Some clauses are independent, meaning that they express a complete thought. An independent clause is the same as a complete sentence. Some clauses are dependent, meaning that they cannot stand alone. They do have a subject and a verb, but they do not express a complete thought. Another word for dependent is subordinate.
Examples of Clauses
- When I get home (dependent or subordinate clause)
- The lights are not on. (independent clause)
- Put it on the shelf, (independent clause-understood subject “you)
A Phrase, on the other hand, is a small group of words put together as a conceptual unit. It does not take a figurative meaning. The meaning of the word is literal. It can be long or short but it does not include the subject-verb pairing, necessary to make a clause.
For example, ‘looking stunning’; to live and breathe’; ‘comfortable bed’.
Example:
- Next-week, Prasanth has planned to visit the countryside. In the above sentence, to visit the countryside is a phrase with the conceptual meaning of going on a visit to the countryside.
- The child hid under the stairs when the mother called her for a bath. In the above sentence, under the stairs is a phrase.
Exercises
In the following sentences, state whether the underlined part is a phrase or a clause.
Question 1.
In spite of the heavy rains, we reached on time.
Answer:
In spite of the heavy rains – phrase
Question 2.
She passed her test because of her teacher.
Answer:
because of her teacher – phrase i
Question 3.
She got low marks in her exams because she was sick.
Answer:
Because she was sick – clause
Question 4.
Though she performed well in the interview, she didn’t get the job.
Answer:
Though she performed well in the interview – clause
Question 5.
In spite of his good grades, he couldn’t secure admission in a good college.
Answer:
In spite of his good grades – phrase
Question 6.
Driven by the storm, we took shelter under a bridge.
Answer:
Driven by the storm – phrase
Question 7.
Having delivered the message, he departed.
Answer:
Having delivered the message – phrase
Question 8.
Not knowing what to do, she stood there motionless.
Answer:
Not knowing what to do – phrase
Question 9.
Now that he got a medical seat, he has become more responsible.
Answer:
Now that he… – clause
Question 10.
Despite her protests, they took her jewels away.
Answer:
Despite her protests – phrase
Phrasal Verb
A Phrasal, verb is an idiomatic phrase consisting of a verb and another element, typically an adverb or a preposition or both, the meaning of which is different from the meaning of its separate parts.
For example, see to, or a combination of both, such as look down on.
Example:
- The crew ran out of water and food before they could complete their expedition. In the above sentence, ran out is a Phrasal Verb. which means to use completely.
- The Police personnel instructed the mob to go from the place during the strike. In the above sentence, go away is a Phrasal Verb which means to leave from the place.
Learning Points:
- A phrasal verb is made up of a verb and an adverbial or prep Prepositional particle.
- It is used idiomatically to convey a special meaning completely different from the meaning expressed by the verb or the particle.
- The same verb followed by different particles conveys different meanings.
- A list of phrasal verbs and their meanings selected from the prose lessons is given below. Learn them very carefully before doing the. exercises that follow.
Example:
get – acquire
get together – meeting
For Reading:
| Phrasal verb | Meaning | Usage |
| look up | refer | I look up the word in the dictionary. |
| look after | take care of | I look after the child. |
| get on | continue | I want you to get on with the work. |
| get up | rise from bed | I always get up early. |
| break down | cease to function | My car is break down at present. |
| put off | postpone | The manager put off the meeting. |
| turn down | refuse | They turned down my offer. |
| set Out | displays | His work is very well set out. |
| bring in | introduce | New traffic rules are brought in. |
| look up to | admire | Cricketers always look up to Kohli. |
| hit on | think of | He hit on a brilliant idea. |
| reel off | recite | He reeled off lines after line. |
| look into | investigate | The police look into the matter. |
| get over | recover | She got over her grief. |
| take after | resemble | He takes after his mother. |
| take on | accept | He is willing to take on the job. |
| put up with | tolerate | I can’t put up with such a noisy class. |
| put aside | save | I put aside a little every month. |
| give up | abandon / stop | I give up smoking. |
| call out | summon | He called out an engineer. |
| put up ‘ | build | We are putting up a new compound. |
| pass away | die | His mother passed away last month. |
| break into | enter (by force) | The thief broke into the house. |
| give away | free | He gives away a sample pack to all. |
| go after | to chase | The police went after the criminals. |
| call up | invite | The teacher calls up the SPL. |
| call on | visit | She called on me yesterday. |
| get out | leave | I will get out soon. |
| carry out | fulfil | We carry out a successful attack. |
| take away | remove | The robbers took away the jewels. |
More Phrasal Verbs:
| Phrasal Verb | Meaning |
| back up | support |
| bear with | endure, tolerate |
| break up | disperse, shatter |
| break down | fall, stop working, collapse |
| bring forth | produce |
| bring about | make something happen |
| bring out | publish |
| bring up | educate, rear |
| call for | demand |
| call off | cancel |
| call on | to pay a short visit to a person |
| carry on | continue |
| carryout | execute, perform |
| come on | hurry |
| dealt with | managed |
| drop-in | visit |
| drop out | discontinue |
| get away | escape |
| get on | have a friendly relationship (with), cope with |
| get over | overcome, recover |
| get through | pass |
| get up | rise |
| give in | yield |
| give up | abandon |
| give way | yield |
| give away | present, distribute |
| go after | chase, follow |
| go through | endure; examine; study something |
| hold on | wait, stop |
| hold up | delay |
| keep on | continue |
| keep up | continue, maintain |
| lay by – | keep for future use |
| look after | take care of |
| look for | to try to find/search |
| look over/into | examine, investigate |
| look up (book) | search for, refer |
| look up to | admire |
| make out | understand |
| make over | redo, renovate |
| pass away | die |
| pass-through | undergo |
| put off | postpone, delay |
| put on | wear |
| put up with | endure, tolerate |
| run after | chase, seek |
| set back | to slow down the Droeress |
| set out | begin |
| set up | establish |
| set aside | discard |
| stand up | rise |
| stand by | support, wait |
| stand out | continue to resist |
| take down | write |
| take after | resemble |
| take up | to deal with |
| take off | leave the ground (aeroplane), remove |
| throw out | discard, reject |
| throw away | to get rid of as useless |
| turn away | refuse admission |
| turn down ‘ | reject, refuse |
Exercises
Replace the bold word in the sentence with one of the phrasal verbs given below to convey the same meaning :
Question 1.
The champion yielded to the strength of his opponent.
(a) gave on
(b) gave back
(c) gave in
(d) gave up
Answer:
(c) gave in
Question 2.
I will not yield to pressure, I shall face the challenge bravely.
(a) give away
(b) give in
(c) give out
(d) give off
Answer:
(b) give in
Question 3.
Our workers perform their jobs well.
(a) Carry off
(b) Carryover
(c) Carryout
(d) Carry for
Answer:
(c) Carryout
Question 4.
He renounced his wealth and became a social worker.
(a) give in
(b) give on
(c) give up
(d) give out
Answer:
(c) give up
Question 5.
I shall search the information using the Net.
(a) look at
(b) look in
(c) look for
(d) look after
Answer:
(c) look for
Question 6.
The plane left as scheduled.
(a) took away
(b) took off
(c) took apart
(d) took in
Answer:
(b) took off
Question 7.
The meeting was postponed due to bad weather.
(a) put off
(b) put in
(c) put up
(d) put on
Answer:
(a) put off
Question 8.
Sometimes we must continue to resist fof our own view.
(a) stand on
(b) stand out
(c) stand back
(d) standoff
Answer:
(b) stand out
Question 9.
You must keep some money for future use.
(a) lay off
(b) lay about
(c) lay by
(d) layover
Answer:
(c) lay by
Question 10.
Students should have a friendly relationship with their peers.
(a) get off
(b) get on
(c) get up
(d) get in
Answer:
(b) get on
Question 11.
School life is an enjoyable one. So you must have friendly relationship with your classmates.
(a) get up
(b) give up
(c) get on
(d) get back
Answer:
(c) get on
Question 12.
The lawyer managed the case cleverly.
(a) dealt in
(b) dealt with
(c) dealt out
(d) dealt on
Answer:
(b) dealt with
Question 13.
Smoking is injurious to health. So everyone must stop the habit.
(a) give away
(b) give in
(c) give up
(d) give out
Answer:
(c) give up
Question 14.
The match was postponed due to heavy rain.
(a) put off
(b) put up with
(c) put on
(d) put in
Answer:
(a) put off
Question 15.
I can’t tolerate your laziness.
(a) put off
(b) put forward
(c) put up with
(d) put out
Answer:
(C) put up with
Question 16.
Students should know how to have a friendly relationship with their class.
(a) get up
(b) get back
(c) get on
(d) get into
Answer:
(c) get on
Question 17.
I will discard these letters.
(a) throw out
(b) throw off
(c) take off
(d) take up
Answer:
(a) throw out
Question 18.
twill search the dictionary for the meaning of this word.
(a) look upon
(b) look up to
(c) look up
(d) look at
Answer:
(c) look up
Question 19.
The manager will cancel the meeting.
(a) call on
(b) call out
(c) call in
(d) call off
Answer:
(d) call off
Question 20.
He will surely pass the exam with flying colours.
(a) get out
(b) get in
(c) get through
(d) get on
Answer:
(c) get through