How do Organisms Reproduce Class 10 Extra Questions with Answers Science Chapter 8

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Class 10 Science Chapter 8 Extra Questions and Answers How do Organisms Reproduce

Extra Questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce with Answers Solutions

How do Organisms Reproduce Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the effect of DNA copying which is not perfectly accurate in the reproduction process?
Answer:
The DNA copying which is not perfectly accurate in the reproduction process results in variations in populations for better survival of the species.

Question 2.
What methods will you use for growing jasmine and rose plants?
Answer:
For growing jasmine plants, layering method will be used and for growing rose plants, cutting and grafting methods will be used.

Question 3.
Name the part of Bryophyllum where the buds are produced for vegetative propagation.
Answer:
In Bryophyllum, the buds are produced in leaf notches.

Question 4.
Which parts of plants can grow vegetatively?
Answer:
Modified stems like onion bulbs, runners of doob grass, ginger rhizomes, potato tubers, root tubers of sweet potato and dahlia, stem cutting of plants like rose and leaves of plants like Bryophyllum can be grown vegetatively.

Question 5.
Can you consider cell division as a type of reproduction in a unicellular organism? Give one reason.
Answer:
Yes, because it results in the formation of two daughter cells, i.e., it results in the production of more individuals of the organism.

Question 6.
What is the function of pollen grains in flowers?
Answer:
Pollen grains are the male gametes which fertilise the egg cell present in the ovule of a flower.

Question 7.
Write the various methods of cross-pollination.
Answer:
Various methods of cross-pollination are entomophily (insect pollination), anemophily (wind pollination), hydrophily (water pollination) and zoophily (animal pollination).

Question 8.
Why cannot fertilisation take place in flowers if pollination does not occur?
Or
Why is fertilisation not possible without pollination?
Answer:
In a flower, fertilisation requires both male and female gametes. If pollination does not occur, male gametes will not be available hence fertilisation cannot take place.

Question 9.
Explain the role of cotyledon and plumule in germination.
Answer:
Cotyledon stores food and the plumule acts as future shoot.

Question 10.
Is the chromosome number of zygote, embryonal cells and adult of a particular organism always constant? How is the constancy maintained in these three stages?
Answer:
Yes, the constancy is maintained because cells in all these three structures undergo only mitotic divisions.

Question 11.
In a bisexual flower inspite of the young stamens being removed artificially, the flower produces fruit. How is it possible?
Answer:
This is because the pistil is intact due to which cross-pollination takes place leading to fertilisation and formation of fruit.

Question 12.
What is gametogenesis?
Answer:
Formation of sperms in testes and ova in ovary is called gametogenesis.

Question 13.
In a tobacco plant, the male gametes have twenty-four chromosomes. What is the number of chromosomes in the female gamete? What is the number of chromosomes in the zygote?
Answer:
Number of chromosomes in female gamete is 24 and in zygote it is 48.

Question 14.
How is the sperm genetically different from the egg?
Answer:
Sperms contain either X or Y chromosome whereas an egg will always have an X chromosome.

Question 15.
What would be the ratio of chromosome number between an egg and its zygote? How is the sperm genetically different from the egg?
Answer:
The ratio is 1 : 2 Sperms contain either X or Y chromosome whereas an egg will always have an X chromosome.

Question 16.
List two functions performed by the testis in human beings.
Answer:
Functions of testis:

• To produce sperms.
• To produce male sex hormone/testosterone.

Question 17.
List two functions of ovary of human female reproductive system.
Answer:

1. To produce female gamete.
2. To secrete female hormones.

Question 18.
Name the life process of an organism that helps in the growth of its population.
Answer:
Reproduction helps in the growth of the population.

Question 19.
What happens when a mature Spirogyra filament attains considerable length?
Answer:
When a mature Spirogyra filament attains considerable length its filament breaks up into smaller fragments and each fragment grows into a new filament or individual.

Question 20.
What will happen if all the organisms in one trophic level are destroyed?
Answer:
The transfer of food (energy) tapes place through various steps in the food chain known as trophic levels. In case of destruction of all organisms of one trophic level, the ecosystem will get unstable and eventually all life forms will die.

Question 21.
What happens when a Planaria gets cut into two pieces?
Answer:
Each piece regenerates into a new Planaria.

Question 22.
Name the method by which Hydra reproduces. Is this method sexual or asexual?
Answer:
Hydra reproduces by budding or regeneration. It is a method of asexual reproduction.

Question 23.
Name the method by which Spirogyra reproduces under favourable conditions. Is this method sexual or asexual?
Answer:
Spirogyra reproduces by fragmentation. It is an asexual method.

Question 24.
How does Planaria reproduce? Is this method sexual or asexual?
Answer:
Planaria reproduces by regeneration. This method is asexual.

Question 25.
How does Plasmodium reproduce? Is this method sexual or asexual?
Answer:
Plasmodium reproduces by multiple fission. This method is an asexual means of reproduction.

Question 26.
Name the male and female gametes in animals.
Answer:
In animals, male gametes are called sperms while female gametes are called eggs or ova.

Question 27.
Why are testes placed outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotal sac?
Answer:
Testes are placed outside the body cavity in the scrotal sac because it requires a temperature 2°C lower than the normal body temperature for production of sperms.

Question 28.
What is hymen?
Answer:
It is a thin fold of membrane which surrounds or partly closes the external vaginal opening.

Question 29.
What is funeral of unfertilised egg?
Answer:
Menstruation is also called funeral of egg since it is not fertilised.

Question 30.
What is gestation?
Answer:
The period of development of foetus in the uterus until birth is called gestation. It is of 9 months duration (i.e., 280 days or 40 weeks from the first day of the last menstrual cycle) in human beings.

Question 31.
Define parturition.
Answer:
The birth of the fully developed foetus (childbirth) is called parturition.

Question 32.
Name the causative agent of the disease ‘Kala-azar’ and its mode of asexual reproduction.
Answer:
The causative agent of Kala-azar is Leishmania and the mode of asexual reproduction is binary fission.

Question 33.
Name the parts of a bisexual flower that are not directly involved in reproduction.
Answer:

1. Sepals/calyx
2. Petals/Corolla
3. Thalamus.

Question 34.
List two unisexual flowers.
Answer:
Watermelon and papaya are unisexual flowers.

Question 35.
What is DNA?
Answer:
DNA is the carrier of hereditary information from parents to the next generation.

Question 36.
Write names of one male and one female sex hormone.
Answer:
Male sex hormone is testosterone and female sex hormone is oestrogen.

Question 37.
Illustrate with example the division and fragmentation method of reproduction in living organisms.
Answer:
Fragmentation: It is a type of a sexual reproduction observed in multicellular organisms on maturation break up into two or more small fragments or pieces. Each fragment subsequently grows to form a completely new organism.
Fission: The process of reproduction by which a unicellular organism splits into two or more than two separate daughter cells is called fission.
Generally, it is of two types:

• Binary fission.
• Multiple fission.

Question 38.
What is syngamy?
Answer:
One male gamete fuses with one female gamete or egg. This process of fusion of male and female nuclei is called syngamy.

Question 39.
What are those organisms called which bear both the sex organs in the same individual? Give one example of such organism.
Answer:
Organisms bearing both the sex organs in the same individual are called bisexual. Example, Hydra, Mustard.

Question 40.
Give an example of a unisexual and bisexual flower.
Answer:
Cucumber is a unisexual flower and hibiscus is a bisexual flower.

Question 41.
Where is the zygote located in the flower after fertilisation?
Answer:
Zygote is located inside the ovule which is present in the ovary.

Question 42.
Where do the following functions occur?

1. Production of an egg
2. Fertilisation
3. Implantation of zygote

Answer:

1. In ovary
2. In fallopian tube
3. In uterus (uterine wall)

Question 43.
What changes are observed in the uterus if fertilisation does not occur?
Answer:
If fertilisation does not occur, the thick and spongy lining of the uterus slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucus.

Question 44.
Give a reason for the statement- Since the ovary releases one egg every month, the uterus also prepares itself every month by making its lining thick and spongy.
Answer:
The lining of uterus becomes thick for nourishing the embryo if fertilisation takes place and egg reaches the uterus.

Question 45.
What is menopause?
Answer:
The period of permanent cessation of menstruation in females, usually occurring between the age of 45 and 50 is called as menopause.

Question 46.
Name the organs producing sperms and ova respectively in humans.
Answer:
Testis produces sperms and ovary produces ova in humans.

Question 47.
What is fertilisation? Where does it occur in a human female?
Answer:
Fertilisation is the fusion of sperm or male gamete and female gamete. It takes place in the oviduct or fallopian tube of human female.

How do Organisms Reproduce Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Define the terms unisexual and bisexual giving one example of each.
Answer:
Unisexual: In most of the animals including humans, male and female reproductive organs are in different individuals. Such animals are called unisexual.
Bisexual: In some animals like tapeworm, liver fluke, earthworm, leech, etc., the male and female reproductive organs are found in a single individual. Such organisms are called bisexual (hermaphrodite).
The flower may be unisexual (e.g., papaya, watermelon) when it contains either stamens or carpels and bisexual (e.g., Hibiscus, mustard) when it contains both stamens and carpels.

Question 2.
What is a clone? Why do offsprings formed by asexual reproduction exhibit remarkable similarity?
Answer:
Clone refers to the offspring of an organism formed by asexual method of reproduction. Since they possess exact copies of the DNA of their parent, clones exhibit remarkable similarity.

Question 3.
Why does bread mould grow profusely on a moist slice of bread rather than on a dry slice of bread?
Answer:
Moisture is an important factor for the growth of hyphae. Moistened bread slice offers both moisture and nutrients to the bread mould, hence it grows profusely. Dry slice of bread offers nutrients but not moisture hence hyphae fail to grow.

Question 4.
Explain the roles of gametes and zygote in sexual reproduction,
Answer:
The two fusing gametes posses characters of their parents in their DNA. Fertilisation brings characters of both parents into one zygote cell.
Zygote is the first cell of the next generation. It divides to form an embryo which subsequently grows into a new individual.

• Male gamete forming part-anther/stamen
• Female gamete forming part-pistil/ovary/ovule

Question 5.
Describe the structure of a pollen grain.
Answer:
Stamens produce pollen grains that are yellowish in colour. Pollen grain is unicellular and haploid. It has two layers, the thicker outer one is called exine, which is thin at places called germ pores and inner thin layer is called intine.

Question 6.
In a germinating seed, which parts are known as future shoot and future root? Mention the function of cotyledon.
Answer:
In a germinating seed, plumule in known as future shoot and ridicule is known as future root. The function of cotyledon is to store food for the future plant or embryo.

Question 7.
Identify the following parts of a flower:

1. Part hat produces pollen grain
2. Part that transfers male gametes
3. Part that is sticky to trap
4. Part the develops into a fruit.

Answer:

1. Anther
2. Style
3. Stigma
4. Ovary

Question 8.
What is puberty?
Answer:
The period of adolescence when the reproductive organs become functional is termed as puberty. It is accompanied by development of secondary sexual characters both in males and females.

Question 9.
Differentiate between self-pollination and cross-pollination.
Answer:

Question 10.
Give two reaosns for the appearance of variations among the progeny formed by sexual reproduction.
Answer:

1. Sexual reproduction involves two parents with different sets of characters.
2. The gene combinations are different in gametes.

Question 11.
What are the benefits of using mechanical barriers during sexual act?
Answer:
Mechanical barriers like condom prevent the sperms from reaching the egg. Thus it is an effective method to avoid pregnancy. It also prevents transmission of infections during sexual act.

Question 12.
Write one main difference between asexual and sexual mode of reproduction. Which species is likely to have comparatively better chances of survival the one reproducing asexually or the one reproducing sexually? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Asexual reproduction does not involve genetic fusion while sexual reproduction involves fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
Species reproducing sexually have better chances of survival. This is because sexual reproduction gives rise to more variations which are essential for evolution as well as for the survival of species under unfavourable conditions.

Question 13.
Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction? What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
Answer:
DNA copying is essential because it makes the transmission of characters from parents to the next generation possible.

Advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction:
Sexual reproduction gives rise to variations, which are essential for evolution as well as for the survival of species under unfavourable conditions.

Question 14.
Trace the path of sperm during ejaculation and mention the gland and their functions associated with the male reproductive system.
Answer:
Sperm comes out from testis into the vas deferens and then passes through urethra before ejaculation. The secretion of seminal vesicle and prostate glands provide nutrition to the sperms and also facilitate their transport.

Question 15.
What changes are observed in the uterus subsequent to implantation of young embryo?
Answer:
The uterine wall thickens that is richly supplied with blood. A special tissue called placenta develops which connects embryo to the uterine wall that provides nutrients and oxygen to it.

Question 16.
Give two reasons for avoiding frequent pregnancies by women.
Answer:
Frequent pregnancies by women are avoided due to the following reasons:

• It has adverse effect on the health of women.
• It increases the rate of the population of our country.

Question 17.
Reproduction is one of the most important characteristics of living beings. Give three reasons in support of the statement.
Answer:

1. Reproduction is important for continuation of species or perpetuation of species.
2. It promotes diversity of characters or helps to show the variations which enhance the survival chances.
3. It increases population of a species.

Question 18.
Suggest three contraceptive methods to control the size of human population which is essential for the health and prosperity of a country. State the basic principle involved in each.
Answer:
The methods of contraception are:

1. Barrier method or mechanical method (Condom/Diaphragm): Prevents the meeting of sperems and ova.
2. Chemical method (Oral pills): Changes the hormonal balance of the female partner so that the eggs are not released.
3. Surgical method: The vas deference in males is blocked (vasectomy) or the fallopian tube (oviduct) in females is blocked (tubectomy) to prevent the transfer of sperms or egg and hence no fertilisation takes place.
4. IUCDs/Loop or the copper-Țis placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy. (Any three)

Question 19.
List three techniques that have been developed to prevent pregnancy. Which one of these techniques is not meant for males? How does the use of these techniques have a direct impact on the health and prosperity of a family?
Answer:
Three techniques to prevent pregnancy are barrier method, chemical method and surgical method.
Chemical method is not meant for males: Use of these techniques helps in maintaining health of the woman. Also, parents can provide more attention and quality resources to the children.

Question 20.
List four points of significance of reproductive health in a society. Name any two areas related to reproductive health which have improved over the past 50 years in our country.
Answer:
Significance of reproductive health in a society:

1. It prevents the spread of various sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS, syphilis, etc.
2. Individuals with sound reproductive health produce better offspring which have better chances of survival.,
3. Better sex education and awareness help to maintain the population and prevent a population explosion.
4. Unwanted and teen pregnancies can be avoided. The reproductive health in India has improved tremendously over the past 50 years.
5. The areas in which reproductive health have improved are:
   • Family planning
   • Mortality rate.

Question 21.
List four categories of contraceptive methods. State in brief two advantages of adopting such preventive methods.
Answer:
The categories of contraceptive methods are:

1. Barrier method (Condoms)
2. Surgical method
3. Withdrawl method
4. Calendar method
5. Hormonal method
6. IUCD/Copper-T/Loop

Two advantages of adopting preventive methods are:

1. It helps in maintaining the health of women.
2. It helps in preventing STDs especially AIDS.
3. It helps in birth control.
4. Parents can give more attention to children.

Question 22.
Name the reproductive parts of an angiosperm. Where are these parts located? Explain in brief the structure of its female reproductive parts.
Answer:
In an angiosperm, the male reproductive part is androecium or stamen and the female reproductive part is the gynoecium or carpel. These parts are located in the flower.
The gynoecium (carpel) has three parts:

1. Stigma: It is the uppermost part which has a sticky surface to which pollen grain stick during pollination.
2. Style: It is the middle elongated part which connects the stigma to the ovary.
3. Ovary: It is the bottom swollen part in which female gametes are formed.

Question 23.
(i) Name the following:
(a) Threadlike non-reproductive structures present in Rhizopus.
(b) ‘Blobs’ that develop at the tips of the non-reproductive threads in Rhizopus.
(ii) Explain how these structures protect themselves and what is the function of the structures released from the ‘blobs’ in Rhizopus.
Answer:
(i) (a) Hyphae/mycelium,
(b) Sporangia.

(ii) These structures are protected by thick walls. These structures germinate into new individuals under favourable conditions.

Question 24.
Explain budding in Hydra with the help of labelled diagrams only.
Answer:

Question 25.
What is asexual reproduction? Write the process of budding in Hydra.
Answer:
Asexual reproduction is the mode of reproduction used by single organisms or parents without gamete production or fusion. In the process of budding in Hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division of reproductive cells at one specific site. These buds develop into tiny individuals, and when fully mature, detach from the parent body as new independent individuals.

Question 26.
Explain various steps of budding in yeast.
Answer:
Yeast is a unicellular organism. Budding usually occurs when food is available in plenty. In budding, one or more outgrowths appear on one side, which enlarges in size. The nucleus divides mitotically, one daughter nucleus passés into the bud and the other remains in the parent cell. The bud either separates off from the parent cell or new bud appears before its separation from the parent cell resulting in the formation of branched or unbranched chain of buds.

Question 27.
Explain the process of regeneration in Planaria. How is this process different from reproduction?
Answer:
When Planaria is cut into many pieces, each piece grows into a complete organism. This regeneration process is carried out by specialised cells, which proliferate, develop and differentiate into various cell types and tissues.
Regeneration is not same as reproduction as most of the organisms would not normally depend on being cut up to be able to reproduce.

Question 28.
What is regeneration? Give one example of an organism that shows this process and one organism that does not. Why does regeneration not occur in the latter?
Answer:
Regeneration is the ability of organisms to give rise to new individual organisms from their body partrs.
Planaria show this process and Amoeba does not.
Regeneration does not occur iş Amoeba because regeneration is carried out by specialised cells which are not present in non-regenerating organisms like Amoeba.

Question 29.
Illustrate the following:
(i) Spore formation in Rhizopus.
(ii) Multiple fission in Plasmodium.
Answer:
(i) Spore formation in Rhizopus: This is an asexual method of reproduction in bacteria and fungi. Spores are unicellular bodies formed by cell division in a parent organism. After detaching from the parent, and if conditions are suitable, they germinate directly or indirectly into a new individual.

(ii) Multiple fission in Plasmodium: It is an asexual mode of reproduction in organisms. Here, the nucleus of the organism divides repeatedly to form a number of equal-sized daughter nuclei and each daughter nuclei breaks away together with a small portion of the cytoplasm.

Question 30.
Illustrate the following with the help of suitable diagrams: Leaf of Bryophyllum with buds.
Answer:
Leaf of Bryophyllum shows vegetative propagation in plants where a part of the body becomes detached and develops into a new supporting plant. Here, leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum having plantlets along the leaf margins when grown in soil develops into a new plant.

Question 31.
How does natural vegetative propagation occur?
Answer:
Natural vegetative propagation occurs from modified stems, roots, leaves and bulbs. Modified short stems of onion bear bulbs which when grown in soil develop into a new plant. Runners-stems of doob grass have nodes and internodes. From nodes, roots are developed that form a new plant. Rhizome of ginger is a horizontal underground stem. If kept in soil with Adventitious L adequate moisture, it develops into a new plant. Tuber Roots of potato bears eyes (buds), which when sown (entire or in pieces) in soil develops into a new plant.

Modified root tubers of sweet potato also grows into a new plant.
Buds produced in the notches along the leaf margin of Bryophyllum fall on the soil and develop into new plants.

Question 32.
Differentiate between natural and artificial vegetative propagation in plants.
Answer:

Question 33.
In the context of reproduction of species state the main difference between fission and fragmentation. Also give one example of each.
Answer:
Fission is the method of asexual reproduction in unicellular forms of life. In this process the parent organism splits to form two or more daughter cells. Example, Amoeba and Plasmodium. Fragmentation is the process found in multicellular organisms. The filament breaks up into two or more pieces upon maturation. These pieces then grow into new individuals. Example, Spirogyra.

Question 34.
State the process of grafting.
Answer:

In grafting, stem parts of two different plants are joined to produce a new plant. One part is of in situ rooted plant called stock and another part from superior quality plant called scion. Both (cut stem are obliquely cut and placed over each of another other and tied with the tape. Part of stock plant) remain rooted but scion is separated from the mother plant. After a month or so, both parts unite with each other and a new plant develops from the scion. Stock provides water and minerals from the soil to the developing plant.

Question 35.
What are the various methods of vegetative propagation? Discuss any one method with example.
Answer:
The various methods of vegetative propagation are:

1. cutting,
2. layering,
3. grafting,
4. tissue culture.

Layering: In layering, roots are induced on the stem of a rooted plant. When roots develop, that part of stem is detached from the parent plant and grown in the soil. Layering is of two types:

(i) Mound layering: A lower branch of a rooted plant is bent and buried into the moist soil. The tip of the branch should remain above the ground. In a few days, the buried part of the branch develops roots. It is now cut off from the parent plant and grown in the soil as a new plant. This method is used in the propagation of grapevine, strawberry, raspberry, jasmine, etc.

(ii) Air layering: This method is used in plants like crotons whose branches cannot be bent and buried in the soil. The stem is girdled, i.e., a ring of bark is removed and then it is covered with a moist moss or cotton and enclosed in a polythene bag. After a few days, roots emerge from this region and branch is cut off from the parent plant. It can now be planted in the soil as a new plant. This method is used in rose, rubber plant, guavas, pear, apple, mangoes, etc.

Question 36.
Explain the term ‘Regeneration’ as used in relation to reproduction of organisms. Describe briefly how regeneration is carried out in multicellular organisms like Hydra.
Answer:
Regeneration is the ability of an organism to give rise to a new organism or individual from their body parts. Each part of Hydra contains specialised cells which have the ability to proliferate.

When the body of Hydra by any means is cut into number of pieces, these pieces proliferate and make large number of cells. From this mass of cells, different cells undergo changes to become various cell types and tissues finally developing into a new organism.

Question 37.
Explain four advantages of vegetative propagation.
Answer:

1. New plants produced by vegetative propagation maintain the desirable characters of the parents. These plants are genetically identical.
2. Certain plants like banana, grapes, pineapple, roses, jasmine, etc., do not form seeds. Thus, this is the only method of reproduction and continuation of such species.
3. This method is cheap and can be easily employed to reproduce plants, especially fruit plants.
4. Only one parent is required for reproduction.

Question 38.
Describe double fertilization in plants.
Answer:
Soon after pollination the pollen grains start germinating and form a pollen tube. The pollen tube grows within the style till it reaches the ovary.

On reaching the ovary it enters the ovule through an opening called micropyle. In the meantime, two male gametes are formed in the pollen tube. One of the male gametes fuses with the egg, the process is called syngamy. The product formed is termed as zygote. The other male gamete fuse with the two polar nuclei, one from each end of embryo sac, to form endosperm nucleus. This process is called triple fusion.

In this process three nuclei, two polar nuclei and one male gamete is involved, so it is called triple fusion. Thus, inside each embryo sac two fusions, i.e., syngamy and triple fusion take place. This mechanism of two fusions occuring in an embryonal sac is called double fertilisation. After fertilization, the ovule develops into seed and the ovary develops into a fruit.

Question 39.
State the basic requirement for sexual reproduction ? Write the importance of such reproductions in nature.
Answer:
Formation of male and female gametes and fusion of gametes or syngamy is the basic requirement for sexual reproduciton.
Importance: Combination of DNA from two different individuals lead to increase in genetic variation in the organism. This leads to diversity in the population which helps in natural selection.

Question 40.
List any four steps involved in sexual reproduction and write its two advantages.
Answer:
Steps involved in sexual reproduction are as follows:

1. Formation of male and female gametes.
2. Transfer of male gamete to female gamete.
3. Fusion of gametes resulting in zygote formaton.
4. Zygote grows into an embryo forming a new individual.

Its advantages are:

1. It increases genetic variation.
2. It plays an important role in the origin of new species.
3. It promotes diversity in the offsprings.

Question 41.
Mention secondary sexual characters in human male and female.
Answer:
Secondary sexual characters in male:

1. Hair growth on face, chest, armpit (axillae). and over pubis.
2. Voice becomes deep and hoarse due to growth of larynx called Adam’s apple.
3. Body becomes muscular.

Secondary sexual characters in female:

1. Growth of breasts and hair in axillae and over pubis.
2. Pelvis region becomes broad and buttocks become heavy due to deposition of fat.
3. Development of accessory sex orgAnswer:

Question 42.
(a) Mention the ole of the following organs of human male reproductive system:
(i) Testis;
(ii) Scrotum;
(iii) Vas deferens;
(iv) Prostate glands.
(b) What are the two roles of testosterone ?
Answer:
(a) (i) Testis: To produce male gametes.
(ii) Scrotum: To provide optimal temperature to tęstis for the formation of sperm.
(iii) Vas deferens: To deliver the sperms to the urinary bladder.
(iv) Prostrate glands: To secrete the fluid which provides nutrition and medium for transport of sperms.

(b) Testosterone has following roles:
(i) It regulates the formation of sperms.
(ii) It brings about the changes in boys during adolescence.

Question 43.
Explain how, offspring and parents of organisms reproducing sexually have the same number of chromosomes.
Or
How do organisms, whether reproduced asexually or sexually maintain a constant chromosome number through several generations ? Explain with the help of suitable example.
Answer:
During asexual reproduction organisms undergo only mitotic divisions. The DNA (in the chromosomes) of the cells involved are copied and then equally divided among the two daughter cells formed. Thus, chromosome number remains unchanged.

In sexual reproduction, organisms produce gametes through meiosis, which is called reductional division, in which the original number of chromosomes becomes half. These two gametes combine to form the zygote and the original number of chromosomes is restored.

For example, in humans, the parents (father and mother) each have 46 or, 23 pairs of chromosomes. In the gametes, the sperm has half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 23 and the egg also has 23 chromosomes. When the sperm and the egg fuse, the zygote has 46 or 23 pairs of chromosomes. .

Thus, the chromosome number remains constant.

Question 44.
What are the male and female gonads in human beings ? Mention their functions.
Answer:
The male gonads in human beings are a pair of testes. The testis lies in a sac outside the abdominal cavity called scrotum. The function of testis.is to regulate the production of sperms and secretion of male hromone, testosterone. The female gonads in human beings are pair of ovaries located in the abdominal cavity near the kidneys. The ovaries perform dual functions of production of female hormones-oestrogen and progesterone and the production of female gamete (ovum/ova).

Question 45.
Name the two types of mammalian gametes. How are these different from each other ? Name the type of reproduction they are involved in. Write the advantage of this type of reproduction.
Answer:
Two types of mammalian gametes are sperm and ovum or egg. . Sperms are motile and are produced by male individuals whereas ova or eggs are non-motile and produced by female individuals. They are involved in sexual reproduction.
Advantage: Sexual reproduction generates more variations among organisms.

Question 46.
From the internet, gather information about the chromosome numbers of five animals and five plants. Correlate the number with the size of organism and answer the following questions:
(i) Do larger organisms have more number of chromosomes/cells ?
(ii) Can organisms with fewer chromosomes reproduce more easily than organisms with more number of chromosomes ?
(iii) More the number of chromosomes/cells greater in the DNA content. Justify.
Answer:

1. No, there is no relationship between size of organism and its chromosome number.
2. No, process of reproduction follows a common pattern and is not dependent on the number of chromosomes.
3. Yes, since the major component of chromosome is DNA, if there are more chromosomes in a cell, the quantity of DNA will also be more.

Question 47.
What happens when:

1. Planaria gets cut into two pieces?
2. a mature Sporogyra filament attains considerable length ?
3. on maturation sporangia burst?

Answer:

1. Each piece regenerates into a new Planaria.
2. Its filaments break into smaller pieces or fragments and each fragment gives rise to a new filament.
3. It releases spores which germinate into new mycelium in moist conditions.

Question 48.
What happens when:

1. accidently, Planaria gets cut into many pieces ?
2. Bryophyllum leaf falls on the wet soil ?
3. on maturation sporangia of Rhizopus bursts?

Answer:

1. On getting cut into many pieces, each piece regenerates into new Planaria.
2. When leaf falls on the wet soil, buds are produced in leaf notches and develop into new plants.
3. It releases spores which germinate into new mycelium in moist conditions.

Question 49.
Mention the information source for making proteins in the cell. What is the basic event in reproduction?
Answer:
The DNA in the nucleus of a cell is the information source for making protiens. If the. information is changed, different protiens will be made. The basic even in reproduction is the creation of a DNA copy. Cells use chemical reactions to build copies of their DNĀ. This creats two copies of the DNA in a reproducing cell and they need to get separated from each other. DNA copying is accompanied by the creation of an additional cellular apparatus, and then the DNA copies separate, each with its own cellular apparatus.

Question 50.
(i) Write the names of those parts of a flower which serve the same function as the following do in the animals:
(a) Testis
(b) Sperm
(c) Ovary
(d) Egg
(ii) State the function of flowers in the flowering plants:
Answer:
(i) (a) Testis – anther
(b) Sperm – pollen grains
(c) Ovary – ovary
(d) Egg – ovum

(ii) Flowers are responsible for sexual reproduction as they contain the reproductive organs of the plant.

Question 51.
What are sexually transmitted diseases? List two examples of each disease caused due to:
(i) bacterial infection
(ii) viral infection. Which device or devices may be used to prevent the spread of such diseases?
Answer:
Diseases which are transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person due to unsafe sex are called sexually transmitted diseases.

Two examples:
Bacterial diseases: Gonorrhoea and syphilis i Viral diseases: Warts and AIDS
Preventive measures: Use of condoms or similar coverings.

Question 52.
(i) Name any two sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). How do these infectious diseases spread from one person to another? Give two symptoms of STDs.
(ii) Explain why fertilisation is possible if copulation takes place during the middle of menstrual cycle.
Answer:
(i) The two sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are gonorrhoea and syphilis. These infectious diseases spread from one person to another by sexual contact with an infected person. Two symptoms of STDs are burning sensation at urination and urethral discharge and sores in the genitals.
(ii) Since ovulation, i.e., the release of ovum occurs on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle i.e., in its middle, chances are more for the sperms to fertilise the egg or oyum during this time:

Question 53.
Write the full form of IUCD, AIDS, HIV, OC.
Answer:

• IUCD = Intra-Utreine-Contraceptive Device
• AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
• HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• OC = Oral Contraceptive.

Question 54.
Draw a labelled diagram of a human male reproductive system.
Answer:

Question 55.
What is placenta ? Mention its role during pregnancy.
or
What is placenta ? Explain its function in humAnswer:
Answer:
Placenta is a special tissue connection between embryo and uterine wall. It acts as an endocrine gland.
Role of placenta:

• It possesses villi that increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients.
• It facilitates the passage of nutrition and oxygen to embryo from mother through blood.
• Waste substances produced by embryo are removed through placenta into mother’s blood.

Question 56.
Draw a labelled diagram of a human female reproductive system.
Answer:

Question 57.
State the changes that take place in the uterus when:
(a) Implantation of embryo has occurred.
(b) Female gamete/egg is not fertilised.
Answer:
(a) When implantation of embryo has occurred the uterine wall thickness and is richly supplied with blood to nourish the growing embryo.
(b) The thick and spongy lining of the uterus slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucus.

Question 58.
What are the functions of testis in the human male reproductive system ? Why are these located outside the abdominal cavity ? Who is responsible for bringing about changes in appearance seen in boys at the time of puberty ?
Answer:
Functions of testis:

• Production of sperms,
• Production of male hormone/testosterone.

These are located outside the human body, as sperms needs lower temperature than the normal body temperature. Testosterone is responsible for bringing changes at the time of puberty in boys.

Question 59.
What is contraception ? Name any two methods. How does the use of these methods have a direct effect on the health and prosperity of a family? State any three
points.
Answer:
Any method which prevents conception or pregnancy is called contraception. . Barrier method, chemical method and surgical method are the different contraceptive methods. Use of these methods have direct effect on the health and prosper ty of a family because:

1. Health of women (mother) is maintained.
2. Parents can give more attention to their children.
3. More resources may be made available for improvement of standard of living.

Question 60.
What are the permanent methods of family planning ? Write short notes on any two.
Answer:
Surgical methods are also called permanent method of family planning. Surgical meth ods are of two types:
(i) Vasectomy: Small portion of the sperm duct is cut or tied properly. Therefore the sperm transfer will be prevented.
(ii) Tubectomy: Small portion of oviduct is cut or tied properly. The fallopian tube in the female gets blocked.

How do Organisms Reproduce Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Write two points of difference between asexual and sexual types of reproduction. Describe why variations are observed in the offspring formed by sexual reproduction.
Answer:

During sexual reproduction two types of gametes fuse. Although the gametes contain the same number of chromosomes, their DNA is not identical. The difference in the genetic makeup of DNA generate variations among the offsprings.

Question 2.
What is multiple fission? How does it occur in an organism? Explain briefly. Name one organism which exhibits this type of reproduction.
Answer:
Multiple fission is the process of reproduction in which many daughter individuals are formed or produced from the parent cell. In this process, the nucleus divides repeatedly to produce large number of nuclei. Each nucleus gathers a bit of cytoplasm around itself and develops a membrane around each structure. Many daughter cells develop which on liberation grow into adult organisms.
Plasmodium exhibits multiple of fission.

Question 3.
(i) Describe asexual reproduction in Amoeba.
(ii) How does sexual reproduction in plants takes place?
Answer:
(i) In Amoeba, asexual reproduction occurs by fission (binary and multiple). In Amoeba, nucleus first divides into two daughter nuclei by mitosis and then body along with the cytoplasm constricts from the middle, which gradually deepens and eventually divides into two individual parts, each part has one nucleus. Thus, two daughter Amoeba develop from one. This is called binary fission.

In multiple fission, nucleus repeatedly divides to form a large number of nuclei, which reach at the periphery. Later cytoplasm gathers around each nucleus to form a daughter Amoeba. In this process, several individuals (equal to number of nuclei) develop from a single Amoeba.

(ii) Sexual reproduction in plants takes place in the following steps:

1. The male reproductive organ ‘stamen’ makes the male gametes.
2. The female reproductive organ ‘carpel’ makes the female gametes.
3. The male gametes fertilise the female gametes.
4. The fertilised ovules grow and become seeds.
5. The seeds produce new plants under favourable conditions like presence of water warmth, air, light, etc.

Question 4.
(i) Describe the process of fertilisa tion in a flower.
(ii) Why is the number of sperms produced always much more than the number of eggs produced?
Or
Draw labelled diagram of the longitu dinal section of a flower.
Answer:

(i) A pollen grain contains two male gametes. When a pollen grain falls on the stigma of the carpel, it grows a pollen tube downwards into the style. One of the male gametes reaches the ovary through pollen tube and fuses with egg to form zygote.

The other male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei one from each end of embryo sac to form
Ovary endosperm nucleus. This fusion is called triple fusion. The zygote grows into an embryo and an endosperm nucleus grows into endosperm (the food storage tissue of seed).

(ii) Sperms are produced much more in number than eggs because:
(a) Eggs are non-motile whereas sperms are motile and they may be misdirected while they are travelling towards eggs.
(b) Sperms may not be able to survive under external environmental conditions for long.
(c) To increase the probability of fertilisation of eggs.

Question 5.
Give one example each of unisexual and bisexual flowers. Differentiate between the two types of pollination that occur in flowers. What happens when a pollen lands on a suitable stigma ? Write about the events that occur till the seed formation in the ovary.
Answer:
Unisexual Flower: papaya, watermelon
Bisexual Flower: hibiscus, rose
The two types of pollination are self pollination and cross pollination.
Self pollination: The pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or to the flower of the same plant.
Cross pollination: The pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of a flower of a different plant.

The following events takes place:

1. After pollen lands on a suitable stigma, a pollen tube grows out of pollen grain and travels through the style to reach the ovary.
2. The male germ cell fuses with the female germ cell to form a zygote.
3. The zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule.
4. The ovule develops tough coat and gradually gets converted into a seed.

Question 6.
(i) State in brief the functions of the following organs in the human female reproductive system:
Ovary, Fallopian tube, Uterus
(ii) What is menstruation ? Why does it occur?
Answer:
(i) Functions of ovary are:

• Production of female gamete.
• Production of female harmone.

Functions of fallopian tube are:

• It is the site of fertilisation.
• Transfer of female gamete from ovary takes place through it.

Functions of uterus are:

• Implantation of zygote.
• Nourishment of developing embryo.

(ii) Menstruation: It is the periodic breakdown of uterine lining and its removal along with blood and mucous in (post pubertal stage of a) human female.

Uterine lining is required to nourish the embryo that is formed if fertilisation takes place. In absence of fertilisation, the lining is not required and hence it sheds in the form of mensuration.

Question 7.
Write the functions of the following in human female reproductive system: Ovary, oviduct, uterus How does the embryo get nourishment inside the mother’s body ? Explain in brief.
Or
(i) Write the functions of the following parts in human female reproductive system:
(a) Ovary (b) Oviduct (c) Uterus
(ii) Describe the structure and functions of placenta.
Or
List two functions of ovary of human female reproductive system.
Answer:
Ovary:

• Production of female hormone (Oestrogen and progesterone).
• Production of female gamete or egg.

Oviduct:

• Transfer of female gamete from the ovary
• Site of fertilisation.

Uterus:

• Implantation of zygote or embryo.
• Nourishment of developing embryo.
• The embryo inside the mother’s body gets nourishment through the placenta.

The placenta is a special disc-like tissue embedded in the mother’s uterine wall and connected to the embryo. Placenta provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen, and nutrients to pass from the mother’s blood to the embryo.

Question 8.
(i) Name the human male reproductive organ that produces sperms and also secretes a hormone. Write the functions of the secreted hormone.
(ii) Name the parts of the human female reproductive system where
(a) fertilisation takes place
(b) implantation of the fertilised egg occurs.
(iii) Explain how the embryo gets nourishment inside the mother’s body.
Or
(i) Name the organ that produces sperms as well as secretes a hormone in human males. Name the hormone it secretes and write its functions.
(ii) Name the parts of the human female reproductive system where fertilization occurs.
(iii) Explain how the developing embryo gets nourishment inside the mother’s body.
Answer:
(i) Testes produce sperms and secrete a hormone called testosterone.
The function of testosterone is to control the development of male sex organs and secondary sexual features.
(ii) (a) Oviduct or fallopian tubes
(b) Uterus
(iii) After implanation, a disc-like special tissue called placenta develops between the uterus wall and the embryo which helps in the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products between the embryo and the mother.

Question 9.
Reproduction is essentially a phenomenon that is not for survival of an individual but for the stability of a species. Justify.
Answer:
(a) Organisms need energy for survival which they obtain from life processes such as nutrition and respiration.
(b) Reproduction needs a lot of energy.
(c) Genetic material is transferred from one generation to the next as a result of reproduction through DNA copying.
(d) DNA copying takes place with high constancy and considerable variations, that is, advantageous to the species for stability in the changing environment.