Class 10 History Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers Print Culture and the Modern World

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Class 10 History Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers Print Culture and the Modern World

Print Culture and the Modern World Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 7 Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Where did the development of print make its beginning?
Answer:
The development of print made its beginning in East Asia.

Question 2.
Name the three East Asian countries where the earliest kind of print technology was developed. What was it?
Answer:
China, Japan and Korea. It was the system of hand printing.

Question 3.
What do you know about ‘Accordion book’?
Answer:
The accordion book was the traditional book of China. It was folded and stitched at the side.

Question 4.
What is woodblock printing?
Answer:
Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originated in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper.

Question 5.
What did the new readership in the seventeenth century China prefer?
Answer:
The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays.

Question 6.
For what purposes were woodblocks used in Europe in the early fifteenth century?
Answer:
In the early fifteenth century, woodblocks were used in Europe to print textiles, playing cards, and religious pictures with simple and brief texts.

Question 7.
What was the capacity of the Gutenberg press?
Answer:
It could print 250 sheets on one side per hour.

Question 8.
What were ballads?
Answer:
They were a historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited.

Question 9.
How did publishers in the late nineteenth century Europe persuade the illiterate people to welcome the printed book?
Answer:
They published popular ballads and folk tales, and such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures. These were then sung and recited at gatherings in villages and in taverns in towns.

Question 10.
Who was Martin Luther?
Answer:
Martin Luther was a religious reformer. He wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.

Question 11.
How was heresy seen in medieval times?
Answer:
It was seen as a threat to the right of the Church to decide on what should be believed and what should not.

Question 12.
What were penny chapbooks?
Answer:
Penny chapbooks were pocket size books which were carried by petty pedlars, known as chapmen, and sold for a penny, so that even the poor could buy them. These books were very popular in England.

Question 13.
What were the ‘Biliotheque Bleue’?
Answer:
The ‘Biliotheque Bleue’ were low-priced small books printed on poor quality paper, and bound in cheap blue covers. These were very popular in France.

Question 14.
What was the effect of the print revolution on the popular literature of the time?
Answer:
It began to deal with science, reason and rationality.

Question 15.
How were books began to be seen by the mid-eighteenth century?
Answer:
By the mid-eighteenth century, books began to be seen as a means of spreading progress and enlightenment. It was believed that books could change the world, liberate society from despotism and tyranny.

Question 16.
What were penny magazines?
Answer:
They were especially meant for women, as were manuals teaching proper behaviour and housekeeping.

Question 17.
Which languages were used in handwritten manuscripts in India?
Answer:
Manuscripts in India were written in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian as well as in various vernacular languages.

Question 18.
When did the printing press first come to India?
Answer:
The printing press first came to India in the mid-sixteenth century.

Question 19.
Which was the first book written by Gutenberge?
Answer:
The Bible was the first book written by Gutenberg.

Question 20.
“The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away”. Who said these words?
Answer:
Louise-Sebastien Mercier.

Question 21.
Why did the Hindu orthodoxy commission the Samachar Chandrikal
Answer:
The Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to oppose the opinion expressed by Rammohun Roy in the Sambad Kaumudi.

Question 22.
Where was the Naval Kishore Press established? And when?
Answer:
The Naval Kishore Press was established at Lucknow in the 1880s.

Question 23.
How did print create pan-Indian identities?
Answer:
Print connected communities and people in different parts of India. Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another creating pan-Indian identities.

Question 24.
What was the Indian Charivari?
Answer:
The Indian Charivari was a journal of caricature and satire published in the late nineteenth century.

Question 25.
How did conservative Hindus and Muslims view women’s education?
Answer:
Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.

Question 26.
What was Kailashbashini Debi’s book all about?
Answer:
Her book was all about the experiences of women about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic chores and treated unjustly by the very people they served.

Question 27.
What do you know about Ram Chaddha’s Istri Dharm Vicharl
Ans.
Istri Dharm Vichar was Ram Chaddha’s fast-selling book which taught women how to be obedient wives.

Question 28.
What is Gulamgiri about?
Answer:
Gulamgiri, written by Jyotiba Phule, is about the injustices of the caste system.

Question 29.
Why were public libraries set up in twentieth century India?
Answer:
Public libraries were set up to expand the access to books among the poor.

Question 30.
How did the Vernacular Press Act empower the colonial government?
Answer:
With the introduction of this Act, the colonial government could censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. The government now began to keep regular track of the vernacular newspapers published in different provinces.

Question 31.
Name four women writers of the nineteenth century India.
Answer:

Rashsundari Debi
Kailashbashini Debi .
Tarabai Shinde
Pandita Ramabai

Question 32.
Name the weekly magazine that was edited by James Augustus Hickey.
Answer:
The Bengal Gazette.

Print Culture and the Modern World Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 7 Short Answers Type

Question 1.
‘The imperial state in China was a major producer of printed material’. Explain with three valid points.
OR
What made China a major producer of printed material for a long time?
Answer:

China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examination.
Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast number under the sponsorship of the imperial state.
From the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print.

Question 2.
Why was Martin Luther in favour of print? Give three reasons.
Answer:
Martin Luther was a famous religious reformer of the sixteenth century. He was in favour of print
because of the following reasons:
(i) Print encouraged him to write Ninety Five Theses in which he criticised many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.

(ii) His writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. His translation of the New Testament sold thousands of copies within a few weeks. In absence of print, this could not have happened.

(iii) Print brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that led to the Reformation of the Roman Catholic Church.

Question 3.
What were the drawbacks of handwritten manuscripts?
OR
Mention the shortcomings of manuscripts.
Answer:
The drawbacks of handwritten manuscripts were:

Copying was an expensive, laborious and time consuming business.
Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily. Their circulation, therefore, remained limited.
The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the growing demands for books.

Question 4.
Describe how the uses of print diversified in China by the seventeenth century.
Answer:
With the emergence of urban culture in China, the uses of print diversified in the following ways:

By the seventeenth century, merchants began using print in their everyday life while collecting trade information.
Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays.
Rich women began to read, and many women began publishing their poetry and plays. Wives of scholar-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives.

Question 5.
Highlight any three circumstances that led to the intermingling of the hearing culture and the reading culture.
Answer:
(i) Books could be read only by the literate, and the rates of literacy in most European countries were very low till the twentieth century.

(ii) To persuade the illiterate section of the society to welcome the printed book, the printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales, and such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures. These were then sung and recited at gatherings in villages and in taverns in towns.

(iii) Oral culture thus entered print and printed material was orally transmitted. The line that separated the oral and reading cultures became blurred. And the hearing culture and reading public got intermingled.

Question 6.
How did the printing press lead to the emergence of a new reading public?
Answer:

Printing reduced the cost of books. This encouraged common people to buy books and read them.
The time and labour required to produce each book came down, and multiple copies could be produced with greater ease.
Books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever increasing readership. Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites. Now books could reach out to wider sections of people.

Question 7.
Describe how print developed in Japan?
OR
Give a brief assessment of the growth of print in Japan.
Answer:
The important phases of the growth of print in Japan are:
(i) Handprinting technology was introduced into Japan around 768-770 by Buddhist missionaries from China. The oldest Japanese book is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra. It was printed in AD 868 and contained six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations. Pictures were printed on textiles, playing cards and paper money.

(ii) In medieval Japan, poets and prose writers were regularly published, and books were cheap and abundant.

(iii) In the late eighteenth century Japan, printing of usual material led to interesting publishing practices. In the flourishing urban circles at Edo (later to be known as Tokyo), illustrated collections of paintings depicted an elegant urban culture, involving artists, courtesans and tea house gatherings.

Question 8.
Mention some of the new forms of popular literature that appeared in print in eighteenth century Europe.
Answer:
The new forms of popular literature that appeared in print included-
(i) There were almanacs or ritual calendars, along with ballads and folk tales.

(ii) In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars known as chapmen, and sold for a penny, so that even the poor could buy them.

(iii) In France, the ‘Biliotheque Bleue’, were low priced small books printed on poor quality paper, and bound in cheap blue covers.

(iv) Then there were the romances, printed on four to six pages, more substantial histories which were stories about the past.

Question 9.
What were the factors that created a virtual reading mania in Europe in the eighteenth century?
Answer:
The factors that created a virtual reading mania in Europe in the eighteenth century were:
(i) All through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries literacy rates went up in most parts of Europe. Churches of different denominations set up schools in villages, carrying literacy to peasants and artisans.

(ii) By the end of the eighteenth century, in some parts of Europe literacy rates were as high as 60 to 80 per cent. As literacy and schools spread in European countries, there was a virtual reading mania. People wanted books to read and printers produced books in ever-increasing numbers.

(iii) Booksellers employed pedlars who roamed around villages, carrying little books for sale such as almanacs, penny chapbooks and the Biliotheque Bleue, low priced small books.

Question 10.
How did the ideas of scientists and philosophers become more accessible to common people after the beginning of print revolution in Europe?
Answer:
(i) Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, and maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed, allowing common people to buy them.

(ii) When scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries, they could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers.

(iii) The writings of thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Rousseau were also widely printed and read by common people with great interest.

Question 11.
A children’s press was set up in France in 1857. What purpose did it serve? What precautions were taken while publishing literature for children?
OR
What was done to satisfy the growing readership among children in nineteenth century Europe?
Answer:
(i) Children became an important category of readers in the nineteenth century Europe. Hence, children’s press was set up in France in 1857 which was devoted to literature for children alone. This press published new works as well as old fairy tales and folk tales.

(ii) The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from peasants. Then they published the stories in a collection in 1812.

(iii) However, precautions were taken while publishing literature for children. Anything that was considered unsuitable for children or would appear vulgar to the elites, was not included in the published version.

Question 12.
Describe briefly the coming of the printing press to India and its subsequent growth in different Indian languages.
OR
What role did missionaries play in the growth of print technology in India?
Answer:
The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century. Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts. By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in the Konkani and in Kanara languages. Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin, and in 1713 the first Malayalam book was printed by them. By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts, which were mostly translations of older works.

Question 13.
What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth century India mean to the reformers? (Imp)
Answer:
Reformers: Print culture made the reformers’ task easy. They now began using print to spread their reformist ideas and highlight the unethical issues. Issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays. Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of ‘low-caste’ protest movements, wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his book named Gulamgiri in 1871.

In the twentieth century, B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Madras wrote powerfully on caste and their writings were read by people all over India. Reformers like Raja Rammohun Roy and Dayanand Saraswati attacked on some of the crudest social evils such sati pratha, child marriage, etc. By using print, these reformers changed the mindset of the contemporary people who previously glorified these practices.

Question 14.
How did Johann Gutenberg develop the first printing press?
Answer:
Johann Gutenberg is known for inventing the mechanical movable type printing press. From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses. Subsequently, he learnt the art of polishing stones. He also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets.

Drawing on this knowledge, Gutenberg adopted existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press provided the model for the printing press, and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system.

Books could now be produced much faster than was possible when each print block was prepared by carving a piece of wood by hand. Invented in the 1430s, Gutenberg’s printing press initiated a revolution in print technology.

Question 15.
How did people in ancient India copy and preserve manuscripts?
Answer:

Handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, as well as in various vernacular languages were available.
These manuscripts were copied on plain leaves or on handmade paper. Pages were sometimes beautifully illustrated.
They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation.

Question 16.
“Print played a significant role in awakening sentiments of nationalism amongst the Indians.” Explain.
Answer:
The print culture played an important role in spreading nationalist feelings among Indians:
(i) Printed tracts and newspapers spread new ideas and shaped the nature of the debate, which ultimately assisted the growth of nationalism. Common people began questioning why colonial rule should continue in India.

(ii) Print did not only stimulate the publication of conflicting opinions amongst communities, but it also connected communities and people in different parts of India. Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating pan-Indian identities.

(iii) Although the colonial government had introduced the Vernacular Press Act, it could not suppress the growth of nationalist newspapers. These newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India. They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.

(iv) Attempts to strangle nationalist criticism provided militant protest. This in turn led to a renewed cycle of persecution and protests. When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balgangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about them in his Kesari. People read them and showed their resentment.

(v) Print culture helped in developing a very solid nationalist background which acted strongly against the colonial government in India.

Question 17.
What role did Raja Ravi Varma play in creating a new visual culture in India?
Answer:
With the setting up of an increasing number of printing presses visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies. Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass circulation. Poor wood engravers who made woodblocks set up shop near the letter presses, and were employed by print shops.

As a result, cheap prints and calendars flood the market, allowing common people including the poor to buy them and decorate the walls of their homes or places of work. By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and newspapers, commenting on social and political issues.

Question 18.
“The Bengal Gazette was a commercial paper open to all, but influenced by none”. Justify the claim of James Augustus Hickey.
Answer:
The Bengal Gazette was a weekly magazine, which James Augustus Hickey began to edit from 1780. This magazine, as Hickey claimed, was beyond the influence of anyone. It was a private English enterprise, proud of its independence from colonial influence, that began English printing in India.

Hickey published a lot of advertisements, including those that were related to the import and sale of slaves. Unafraid of the colonial government, he also published a lot of gossip about the company’s senior officials in India. This enraged Governor-General Warren Hastings and he persecuted Hickey. Thus, Hickey was a bold editor who did not bow to the company and proved himself true to his claim.

Print Culture and the Modern World Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 7 Long Answers Type

Question 1.
“Through the nineteenth century, there were a series of further innovations in printing technology”. Give an assessment of these innovations.
OR
Mention some of the innovations which have improved the printing technology after the seventeenth century.
Answer:
Improvements in print technology never stopped. By the late eighteenth century, the press came to be made out of metal. Through the nineteenth century, there were a series of further innovations in printing technology:

(i) By the mid-nineteenth century, Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the power-driven cylindrical press. This was capable of printing 8,000 sheets per hour. This press was particularly useful for printing newspapers.

(ii) In the late nineteenth century, the offset press was developed which could print up to six colours at a time.

(iii) From the turn of the twentieth century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing operations.

(iv) A series of other developments followed. Methods of feeding paper improved, the quality of plates became better, automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of the colour register were introduced.

(v) The accumulation of several individual mechanical improvements transformed the appearance of printed texts.

Question 2.
How did the religious texts encourage religious debates and discussions?
Answer:
(i) From the early nineteenth century, debates around religious issues got intensified. Different groups confronted the changes happening within colonial society in different ways, and offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions.

(ii) Some criticised existing practices and campaigned for reforms, while (others countered the arguments of reformers. These debates carried out in public and in print.

(iii) Printed tracts and newspapers not only spread the new ideas, but they shaped the nature of the debate. A wider public could now participate in these public discussions and express their views. New ideas emerged through these clashes of opinions.

(iv) Among Hindus, print encouraged the reading of religious texts, especially in the vernacular languages. The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas came out from Calcutta in 1810. By the mid-nineteenth century, cheap lithographic editions flooded north Indian markets.

(v) Throughout the nineteenth century, a number of Muslim sects and seminaries appeared, each with a different interpretation of faith, each keen on enlarging its following and countering the influence of its opponents. Urdu print helped them conduct these battles in public.

Question 3.
Mention the positive and negative sides of hand-written manuscripts that existed in India before the age of print. (Imp)
OR
Mention three features of handwritten manuscripts before the age of print in India.
OR
Mention two drawbacks of these manuscripts.
Answer:
There was a tradition of handwritten manuscripts before the print came to India.
Positive sides/Features

Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper. Pages were sometimes beautifully illustrated.
They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation.
Manuscripts were available in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian as well as in various vernacular languages.

Negative sides/Drawbacks

Manuscripts were highly expensive and fragile. They had to be handled carefully.
They could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles. So, manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life.

Question 4.
Why did the attitude of the colonial government towards the freedom of the native press change after the revolt of 1857? What repressive methods were adopted by them to control the freedom of the press? (V. Imp)
Answer:
Before 1798, the colonial state under the East India company was not too concerned with censorship. Strangely, its early measures to control printed matter were directed against Englishmen in India who were critical of company misrule and hated the actions of particular company officers. By the 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control the freedom of press. But in 1835, Thomas Macaulay restored the earlier freedoms by formulating new rules.

Situations, however, changed after the revolt of 1857. The colonial government turned against the freedom of the native press. It feared that if there was no control over the Indian press, then nationalist feelings might spread in the country like forest fire. Hence, the government began debating measures of stringent control. In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.

Reformers: Print culture made the reformers’ task easy. They now began using print to spread their reformist ideas and highlight the unethical issues. Issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays. Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of ‘low-caste’ protest movements, wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his book named Gulamgiri in 1871.

Question 5.
Why did the British Government pass the Vernacular Press Act in 1878? What powers did it give to the government?
Answer:
Before 1798, the colonial state under the East India company was not too concerned with censorship. Strangely, its early measures to control printed matter were directed against Englishmen in India who were critical of company misrule and hated the actions of particular company officers. By the 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control the freedom of press. But in 1835, Thomas Macaulay restored the earlier freedoms by formulating new rules.

Print Culture and the Modern World Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 7 Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTs) Questions

Question 1.
How far is it right to say that the print culture was responsible for the French Revolution? Explain.
OR
Many historians have argued that print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred. What arguments have been put forward by them?
Answer:
Historians have put forward three types of arguments:

(i) Print popularised the ideas of the enlightened thinkers. Collectively, their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and demanded that everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality. They attacked the sacred authority of the Chruch and the despotic power of the state, thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely.

(ii) Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason, and recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs. Within this public culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being.

(iii) By the 1780s, there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality. In the process, it raised questions about the existing social order. Cartoons and caricatures suggested that the monarchy remained absorbed only in sensual pleasures while common people suffered hardships. This literature circulated underground and led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the monarchy.

Question 2.
How did print bring the reading public and hearing public closer?
Answer:
(i) Books could be read only by the literate, and the rates of literacy in most European countries were very low till the twentieth century.

Question 3.
Mention the ways in which the printed books at first closely resemble the handwritten manuscripts.
Answer:
The printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout:
(i) The metal letters initiated the ornamental handwritten styles. Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns, and illustrations were painted.

(ii) In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page so that the purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting school that would do the illustrations.

Question 4.
How did Martin Luther’s writings bring about the Protestant Reformation?
Answer:
Martin Luther was a great religious reformer. He was very critical of the excesses of the Roman Catholic Church and wanted to reform it. In 1517, he wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising many of the practices and rituals of the church. A printed copy of this was posted on a Church door in Wittenberg.

It challenged the Church to debate his ideas. Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. This ultimately led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Several traditions of anti-catholic Christianity developed out of this reformation movement.

Question 5.
Enlist some of the impacts of the print revolution.
Answer:
The print revolution was not just a development, a new way of producing books, it changed people’s lives thoroughly by changing their relationship to information and knowledge, and with institutions and authorities. It influenced popular perceptions and opened up new ways of looking at things.
Some of the impacts of the print revolution were:

(i) With the printing press, a new reading public emerged. Earlier, reading was restricted only to the elites. Common people lived in a world of oral culture. Books were not only expensive but they could not be produced in sufficient numbers. Now books could reach out to wider sections of people.

(ii) Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas, and introduced a new world of debate and discussion. It made some people apprehensive of the effects that the easier access to the printed word and the wider circulation of books, could have on people’s minds. Religious authorities and monarchs were greatly troubled by such developments.

(iii) Printenabled Martin Luther to write Tueses in which he criticised many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. It challenged the Church to debate his ideas. Luther’s writings were read widely which finally led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

Print Culture and the Modern World Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 7 Value-based Questions (VBQs)

Question 1.
Which values were associated with lending libraries that existed in England in the nineteenth century?
Answer:

Lending libraries in England became instruments for educating white-collar workers, artisans and lower-middle-class people.
Sometimes, self-educated working class people wrote for themselves.
After the working day was gradually shortened from the mid-nineteenth century, workers had some time for self-improvement and self-expression. They wrote political tracts and autobiographies in large numbers.

Question 2.
‘The print revolution revolutionised the world of women’. Explain with reference to the India women.
OR
How did the spread of print culture lead to the women empowerment in India?
Answer:
Woodblock print was invented around the sixth century in China. It came to Europe along with Marco Polo, in 1295. This was the year when the great explorer returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China. He brought the knowledge of woodblock print with him on his return.

Question 3.
How did the network of village primary schools help students become literate in pre-colonial Bengal? What values were associated with such schools?
Answer:
The development of an extensive network of village primary schools in pre-colonial Bengal were of great advantage for the students of the region. They learnt to write even though they did not read texts. Teachers dictated portions of texts from memory and students wrote them down. Many thus became literate without ever actually reading any kinds of texts.

Question 4.
Mention some social values promoted by the spread of the print culture.
Answer:

Print culture brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and promoted the common mass to apply the power of reasoning and rationality while thinking about something.
It introduced a new world of debate and discussion.
It made people confident enough to raise questions about the existing social order.
People began to interpret things in their own way.
It promoted the spirit of people’s rule i.e. democracy by rejecting monarchy which never cared for the welfare of the common mass.