Class 10 History Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers Work, Life and Leisure

In this page, you can find CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers Work, Life and Leisure Pdf free download, NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science will make your practice complete.

Class 10 History Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers Work, Life and Leisure

Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 6 Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Name three historical processes that have shaped modern cities.
Answer:

The rise of industrial capitalism,
The establishment of colonial rule over large parts of the world
The development of democratic ideals.

Question 2.
Who was Henry Mayhew?
Answer:
Henry Mayhew was the writer of the mid-nineteenth century England. He wrote several volumes on the London labour, and compiled long lists of those who made a living from crime.

Question 3.
Name the two early industrial cities of Britain.
Answer:

Leeds, and
Manchester.

Question 4.
What attempt was made to put a check on the growing crime in London?
Answer:
The authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work to those who were considered the ‘deserving’ poor.

Question 5.
Why was the Compulsory Elementary Education Act introduced in London in 1870?
Answer:
A large number of children were pushed into low-paid work, often by their parents. To keep children out of industrial work, this act was introduced.

Question 6.
Why was rent control introduced in Britain during the First World War?
Answer:
Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War to ease the impact of a severe housing shortage.

Question 7.
Who developed the principle of the Garden City?
Answer:
Architect and planner Ebenezer Howard developed the principle of the Garden City.

Question 8.
What was the principle of the Garden City?
Answer:
It was a pleasant space full of plants and trees, where people would both live and work.

Question 9.
How did the London Underground railway help in solving housing problem?
Answer:
The London Underground railway began carrying large masses of people to and from the city. It enabled people to live outside central London and travel to work.

Question 10.
What was ‘London Season’?
Answer:
‘London Season’ was held annually for the entertainment of wealthy Britishers. Several cultural events, such as the opera, the theatre and classical music performances were organised for an elite group of 300-400 families.

Question 11.
What were the main features of the Presidency cities?
Answer:
Bombay, Calcutta and Madras were the three Presidency cities. These were multi-functional cities. They had major ports, warehouses, homes and offices, many camps, as well as educational institutions, museums and libraries.

Question 12.
Who came to settle in Bombay after it became a Presidency city in 1819?
Answer:
Communities of traders, and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay after it became a presidency city in 1819.

Question 13.
The Bombay Fort area was divided into two sections. Who lived in these areas?
Answer:
The first was the native town, where most of the Indians lived and next was the white section meant for the Europeans.

Question 14.
What were chaivls?
Answer:
Chawls were multi-storeyed structures which had been built in the 1860s in the native parts of Bombay. Each chawl was divided into smaller one-room tenements which had no private toilets.

Question 15.
Where did lower castes live in Bombay?
Answer:
They lived in shelters made of corrugated sheets, leaves, or bamboo poles.

Question 16.
When was the city of Bombay Improvement Trust established? What did it focus on?
Answer:
The city of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898. It focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre.

Question 17.
Which was India’s first movie?
Answer:
Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar shot a scene of a wrestling match in Bombay’s Hanging Gardens and it became India’s first movie in 1896.

Question 18.
Mention two reasons of pollution in Calcutta.
Answer:

The industries, and
The establishments that used steam engines run on coal.

Question 19.
Who was Lee Kuan Yew?
Answer:
He was the president of Singapore. He played an important role in the planned development of the country.

Question 20.
What was the cause of pollution in Calcutta in 1920?
Answer:
In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygunge began to bum rice husk instead of coal. This filled the air with black soot.

Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 6 Short Answers Type

Question 1.
What were the various steps taken to clean up London? (Imp)
Answer:
The various steps taken to clean up London were-

Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the city.
Large blocks of apartments were built, akin to those in Berlin and New York which had similar housing problems.
Some attempts were made to bridge the differences between city and countryside through such ideas as the Green Belt around London.
Millions of houses were built by local authorities to house the working classes.
London Underground railway was built in 1863. It began carrying large masses of people to and from the city.

Question 2.
What were the causes of air pollution in Calcutta in the nineteenth century? {Imp)
Answer:
(i) Calcutta had a long history of air pollution. Since the city was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to generate thick black smog.

(ii) There was also pollution due to the huge population that depended on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life.

(iii) However, the main polluters were the industries and establishments that used steam engines run on coal. The railway line introduced in 1855 brought a dangerous new pollutant into the picture the coal from Raniganj. The high content of ash in Indian coal was a grave problem.

Question 3.
Write down three major characteristics or features of ancient cities.
Answer:
Ancient cities developed with an increase in food supplies. Their main features were-

Cities were often centres of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activity.
They supported various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests.
Cities varied greatly in size and complexity. Some were densely settled and combined political and economic functions for an entire area, and supported large populations. Others were smaller urban centres with limited functions.

Question 4.
Write the names of five major types of industries that employed large numbers in the nineteenth century London.
Answer:
These industries were-

Clothing and footwear
Wood and furniture
Metals and engineering
Printing and stationery
Precision products such as surgical instruments, watches, and objects of precious metal.

Question 5.
In 1887, Charles Booth, a Liverpool shipowner, conducted the first social survey of low- skilled London workers in the East End of London. What did he find in his survey?
Answer:
(i) He found that as many as 1 million Londoners (about one-fifth of London population at the time were very poor and were expected to live only upto an average age of 29 compared to the average life expectancy of 55 among the gentry and the middle-class.

(ii) These people were more than likely to die in a workhouse, hospital or lunatic asylum. London therefore needed the rebuilding of lakhs of rooms to house its poorest citizens.

Question 6.
How did the marginal groups in London survive?
OR
What was the condition of the marginal groups in the nineteenth century London?
Answer:
(i) Criminals constituted a major portion of the marginal groups. There were in fact poor people who lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from shop, lumps of coal, and clothes drying on hedges.

(ii) Then there were women who having lost their industrial jobs with technological developments had started working with their households. They were engaged in activities like tailoring, washing and matchbox making to make their livelihood.

(iii) A large number of children were pushed into low-paid work, often by their parents. Andrew Mearns, a clergyman who wrote The Bitter Cry of Outcast London in the 1880s, showed why crime was more profitable than labouring in small underpaid factories.

Question 7.
Mention various measures that were taken to decongest London in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Answer:
The various steps taken to clean up London were-

Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the city.
Large blocks of apartments were built, akin to those in Berlin and New York which had similar housing problems.
Some attempts were made to bridge the differences between city and countryside through such ideas as the Green Belt around London.
Millions of houses were built by local authorities to house the working classes.
London Underground railway was built in 1863. It began carrying large masses of people to and from the city.

Question 8.
Describe how people were benefited by the London Underground railway.
OR
What were the benefits of the London Underground railway for the city population?
Answer:

The London Underground railway partially solved the housing problem by carrying large masses of people to and from the city. As a result, the population in the city became more dispersed.
Better-planned suburbs and a good railway network enabled large numbers to live outside central London and travel to work.
These new conveniences wore down social distinctions and also created new ones.

Question 9.
Describe how Bombay grew into the prime city of India over time. (Imp)
OR
How did Bombay become the prime city of India?
Answer:
Bombay was a group of seven islands in the seventeenth century. These islands were under the control of the Portuguese. In 1661, this control passed into British hands. The East India Company now quickly shifted its base from Surat to Bombay. At first, the city was the major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat.

Later, in the nineteenth century, the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as cotton and opium would pass. Gradually, it also became an important administrative centre in western India, and then, by the end of the nineteenth century, a major industrial centre.

Question 10.
Why were some people against the London Underground railway? (Imp)
Answer:
The poem communicates the hard labour that migrants do for their livelihood after coming to the city. They are ready to do even the hardest of the work. They live in very harsh conditions because they have no means. The poem talks about one such worker who worked hard as a labourer throughout his life and now his child is also working as a labourer. His condition is no better than his father. He knows that not only his child but also his grand child will work in the same conditions.

This is an endless process. He had not come to the city to lead such a difficult life. He had fine hopes that the city would give him everything that he wished for. But his experience has been otherwise. He does not know what comfort means. The verses of the poem are thus a stark contrast to the glittering world of films, pointing to the endless tool which poor migrants face in the city.

Question 11.
Who designed the garden city of New Earswick? Mention its features. (Imp)
Answer:
Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the garden city of New Earswick. Its features were-

There were common garden spaces, beautiful views, and great attention to detail.
These houses were costly and only well-off workers could afford.
The garden city was a pollution-free zone and clean.

Question 12.
What factors promoted migration to Bombay? (Imp)
Answer:
There were several reasons behind this—
(i) Bombay became the capital of the Bombay presidency in 1819. After this, the city expanded quickly. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, a large number of people came to settle in Bombay.

(ii) The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge in migration. Only about one-fourth of Bombay’s inhabitants between 1881 and 1931 were born in Bombay, the rest came from outside.

(iii) The railways encouraged an even higher scale of migration into the city. For instance, famine in the dry regions of Kutch drove large numbers of people into Bombay in 1888-89.

Question 13.
How can you say that the policy of racism and discrimination was visible in the colonial city of Bombay? Give at least three points.
Answer:
(i) The Bombay Fort area which formed the heart of the city in the early 1800s was divided between a ‘native’ town meant for the Indians and a ‘white’ section where the Europeans lived.

(ii) A European suburb and an industrial zone were developed to the north of the Fort settlement area, with a similar suburb and cantonment in the south.

(iii) Like the European elite, the richer Parsis, Muslims, upper caste traders and industrialists of Bombay lived in spacious bungalows. But there were thickly populated chawls for more than 70 per cent of the working people.

Question 14.
Why is Bombay called a ‘city of dreams’? Give reasons.
Answer:
Bombay is called a ‘city of dreams’ because of the following reasons:

Despite its massive overcrowding and difficult living conditions, Bombay appears to many as if fulfilling their dreams.
People in large number come here every year and try their luck in the film industry. Some get success, while others are disillusioned.
Bombay films have contributed in a big way to produce an image of the city as a blend of dream and reality, of slums and star bungalows. People get attracted to this city.

Question 15.
How was environment treated in the process of urbanisation?
Answer:
Environment was totally ignored in the way of city development programme
(i) Natural features were flattened out or transformed in response to growing demand for space for establishing factories, housing and other institutions.

(ii) Large quantities of refuse and waste products were thrown all around which polluted air and water. Excessive noise became a feature of urban life.

(iii) Forests were cut down on a large scale for various reasons. This imbalanced ecological balance.

(iv) When cities developed, a large number of people from the countryside started pouring in. These migrants lived in slums which lacked sanitation. They never bothered about the environment.

Question 16.
Why were mass housing schemes planned for the London poor after the Russian Revolution in 1917?
OR
Mention three reasons for the increasing concern about the need for housing for the poor in London during the nineteenth century. (Imp)
Answer:
The reasons for this increasing concern were:

The vast mass of one-room houses occupied by the poor were seen as a serious threat to public health. They were overcrowded, badly ventilated, and lacked sanitation.
There were worries about fire hazards created by poor housing.
There was a widespread fear of social disorder, especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917. Workers’ mass housing schemes were planned to prevent the London poor from turning rebellions.

Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 6 Long Answers Type

Question 1.
How was family life completely transformed in the industrial city? Explain with examples.
OR
The function and shape of the family were completely transformed by life in the industrial city. Support the statement.
OR
What were the social changes that occurred in Britain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?
Answer:
The family in the eighteenth century Britain had been a unit of production and consumption as well as of political decision-making. But with the process of urbanisation and industrialisation, the functions and the shape of the family got transformed considerably.

(i) Ties between family members loosened, and among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down.

(ii) Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain faced the problem of isolation, although their life was made easier by domestic maids who did all the household chores.

(iii) Women who worked for wages had some control over their lives, particularly among the lower social classes. However, many social reformers felt the need of reconstruction of the society by pushing the working women back into the home.

(iv) Although both men and women were encouraged by the new spirit of individualism, they did not have equal access to the new urban space. As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed against their presence in public spaces, women were forced to withdraw into their homes.

(v) By the twentieth century, the urban family had been transformed once again partly by experience of war time work done by women, who were employed in large numbers to meet war demands. The family now consisted of much smaller units.

Question 2.
‘Crime became an object of widespread concern in London in the nineteenth century’. Explain. What steps were taken by the authorities to check criminal activities?
OR
How did marginal groups threaten the city of London in the nineteenth century? What was the root cause of this problem? How did the authorities in London try to solve this problem?
Answer:
With the growth of London, crime flourished in the city. Criminal activities increased to such an extent in the 1870s that the authorities in London got panicked. The police were worried about law and order, philanthropists were anxious about public morality, and industrialists wanted a hard-working and orderly labour force.

These criminals were in fact poor people who lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal, and clothes drying on hedges. There were others who were more skilled at their trade, expert at their jobs. They were the cheats and tricksters, pick pockets and petty thieves crowding the London streets.

The root cause of this problem was migration on a large scale. Over the nineteenth century, London continued to expand. Its population multiplied fourfold between 1810 and 1880. The migrant population constituted poor people who were offered low wages for their hard work. Crime was seen more profitable than labouring in small underpaid factories.

The following steps were taken by the authorities in London to check growing criminal activities:

The population of criminals was counted, their activities were watched, and their ways of life were investigated.
The authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work to those who were considered the deserving poor.

Question 3.
What were chawls? Give a brief description about the living conditions that existed in chawls.
OR
‘The chawls of Bombay were a small cosmopolitan community in themselves’. Explain. (Imp)
Answer:
Chawls of Bombay were multi-storeyed structures built in the native parts of the city. Each chawl was divided into smaller one-room tenements which had no private toilets.

Many families could reside at a time in a tenement. High rents forced workers to share homes, either with relatives or caste fellows who were streaming into the city. People had to keep the windows of their rooms closed even in humid weather due to the close proximity of filthy gutters, privies, buffalo stables, etc.

The homes being small, streets and neighbourhoods were used for a variety of activities such as cooking, washing and sleeping. Liquor shops and akharas could be seen in the empty space. Streets were used for different types of leisure activities. The magicians, monkey players or acrobats visited these streets to perform their acts. Chawls were also the place for the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or demonstrations.

Question 4.
Describe the emergence of Bombay as a city of film industry in the twentieth century.
Answer:
Bombay grew as a major industrial centre by the end of the nineteenth century. It attracted people from across the country to come and settle in the city. These migrants viewed Bombay as ‘a city of dreams’. Although it offered massive overcrowding and difficult living conditions, the new arrivals were proud to find a place in the city.

Bombay film industry is not new. It came into existence in 1896 when Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar shot a scene of a wrestling match in Bombay’s Hanging Gardens to make it India’s first movie. Soon after, Dadasaheb Phalke made Raja Harishchandra in 1913. After that, there was no turning back. By 1925, Bombay had become India’s film capital, producing films for a national audience.

Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants who came from cities like Lahore, Calcutta, Madras and contributed to the national character of the industry. Those who came from Lahore, then in Punjab, were especially important for the development of the Hindi film industry.

Many Bombay films, therefore, deal with the arrival in the city of new migrants and their encounters with the real pressures of daily life. Some of the popular films that the Bombay film industry has given us are CID (1956), Guest House (1959), etc. Thus, the film industry continued to expand with time. Today it is one of the most glamorous and expensive film cities of the world.

Question 5.
Why was the land reclamation in Bombay necessary? Mention any two land reclamation projects taken up in Bombay.
OR
Describe how the city of Bombay was developed through massive reclamation projects.
OR
Give an assessment of land reclamation in Bombay.
Answer:
Bombay was a crowded city. By 1872, when London had an average of 8 persons per house, the density in Bombay was as high as 20. From its earliest days, Bombay did not grow according to any plan. With the rapid and unplanned expansion of the city, the crisis of housing became acute by the mid-1850s. The arrival of the textile mills only increased the pressure on Bombay’s housing. Thus, expansion of the city was essential but there was a scarcity of land. One of the ways the city could be expanded was through land reclamation projects.

First of all, the seven islands of Bombay were joined into one landmass in 1784. Afterwards the Bombay governor William Hornby approved the building of the great sea wall which prevented the flooding of the low-lying areas of Bombay. Since then, there have been several reclamation projects.

In 1864, the Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba. Reclamation often meant the levelling of the hills around Bombay. By the 1870s, the city had expanded to about 22 square miles. As the population continued to increase rapidly in the early twentieth century, every bit of the available areas was built over and new areas were reclaimed from the sea.

A successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port Trust, which built a dry dock between 1914 and 1918 and used the excavated earth to create the 22 acre Ballard Estate. Subsequently, the famous Marine Drive of Bombay was developed.

Question 6.
‘Singapore presents a good example of planned and organised city’. Explain.
OR
How was Singapore developed under the leadership of Lee Kuan Yew?
OR
What role did Lee Kuan Yew play in developing Singapore into a planned and organised city?
Answer:
(i) Singapore presents a good example of planned and organised city in modern time. The credit for it goes to Lee Kuan Yew. He changed Singapore after it became an independent nation in 1965 under his leadership. He was the President of the People’s Action Party.

(ii) Until 1965, the city shared all the problems of other Asian cities. There was overcrowding, lack of sanitation, poor housing and poverty. The majority of its inhabitants lived a tough life.

(iii) Lee Kuan Yew undertook a massive housing and development programme and completely altered the face of the island nation.

(iv) Through a programme of total planning which left nothing to chance, every inch of the island’s territory was controlled in its use. The government itself won popular support by providing nearly 85 per cent of the population with ownership housing of good quality.

(v) There were tall housing blocks, all well-ventilated and serviced. “Void decks’ or empty floors were provided in all buildings for community activities. Now the citizens of Singapore enjoy a very high degree of material comfort and wealth. The city is known as a successful, rich and well-planned city, a model for city planning worldwide.

Question 7.
How did the people entertain themselves in their leisure time in urban Britain in the nineteenth century? (Imp)
OR
What were the sources of leisure for the London city life?
Answer:
Common features

Both the cities are overcrowded and people’s life is rather fast.
Colonial impacts are clearly visible on the people’s clothing, leisure activities and the manner of talking.

Contradictory experiences

In Calcutta, there is distinction between private life and public life. Groups of young men enjoy the night in western style dress but they do not want to be recognised. We don’t find the same thing in Bombay.
In Calcutta, there is no difference between high and low because everyone wears the same western dress. But this is not visible in Bombay largely due to the work culture.

Question 8.
Explain the expansion of London over the nineteenth century.
OR
What factors led to the expansion of the city of London in the nineteenth century?
Answer:
(i) The expansion of London had already started in the eighteenth century. By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London. It was a large city with huge population. Over the nineteenth century, London continued to expand. Its population multiplied four-fold in the 70 years between 1810 and 1880.

(ii) Although it did not have large factories, migrant populations got attracted to it. They found jobs in the London dockyards and industries. Thus, a variety of people lived in this city, for example, clerks, shopkeepers, artisans, etc.

(iii) During the First World War, London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods and the number of large factories increased until they accounted for nearly one-third of all jobs in the city.

Question 9.
Why did the Underground railway soon become a necessity in London? Mention any three disadvantages of this system.
Answer:
The poem communicates the hard labour that migrants do for their livelihood after coming to the city. They are ready to do even the hardest of the work. They live in very harsh conditions because they have no means. The poem talks about one such worker who worked hard as a labourer throughout his life and now his child is also working as a labourer. His condition is no better than his father. He knows that not only his child but also his grand child will work in the same conditions.

Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 6 Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTs) Questions

Question 1.
Throw light on the housing problems of Bombay in the nineteenth century.
Answer:
(i) Bombay was a crowded city. It lacked sufficient land. It had a mere 9.5. square yards in the 1840s.
From its early days, Bombay did not grow according to any plan, and most of the houses were interspersed with gardens.

(ii) Rapid and unplanned expansion of the city created severe housing problem. The problem became acute by the mid-1850s. The arrival of the textile mills only increased the pressure on Bombay’s housing.

(iii) More than 70 per cent of the working people were bound to live in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay. These chawls were not properly built. Each of them was divided into smaller one-room tenements which had no private toilets.

(iv) The homes being small, streets and neighbourhoods were used for a variety of activities such as cooking, washing and sleeping.

(v) People who belonged to the underprivileged section found it even more difficult to find housing. They usually lived in shelters, made of corrugated sheets, leaves, or bamboo poles.

Question 2.
How did the development of Bombay differ from London? State points of difference between the two.
OR
Compare the expansion of Bombay with that of London.
Answer:
Points of difference between Bombay and London are-
(i) Bombay was a crowded city but London was not. While every Londoner in the 1840s enjoyed an average space of 155 square yards, Bombay had a mere 9.5 square yards. By 1872, when London had an average of 8 persons per house, the density of Bombay was as high as 20.

(ii) Town planning in London emerged from fears of social revolution and planning in Bombay came about as a result of fears about the plague epidemic.

(iii) The city of Bombay began to develop with the establishment of textile mills there whereas London developed after the Industrial Revolution.

(iv) The housing problem in London was solved by the London Underground railway which carried masses of people to and from the city. In Bombay, this problem was solved through massive reclamation projects.

Question 3.
What were the causes of pollution in the nineteenth-century England? What problems did the British authority face while trying to provide pollution free environment to the city people?
Answer:
In the nineteenth century Britain, coal was used both in homes and industries. This raised serious environmental problems. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, hundreds of factory chimneys spewed black smoke into the skies. People complained about black fog that descended on their towns, causing bad tempers, smoke-related illnesses, and dirty clothes.

But it was not an easy affair for the authority to control the nuisance through legislation. The reason was that factory owners and steam engine owners did not want to spend on technologies that would improve their machines. By the 1840s, a few towns tried to control smoke in the city but it was not easy to monitor or measure smoke. The owners got away with small adjustments to their machinery that did nothing to stop the smoke. Even the Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853 did not work to clear the air.

Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 6 Value-based Questions (VBQs)

Question 1.
Urbanisation is as essential as ecology and environment. If we give importance to urbanisation, we should also take care of the environment. But the reality is that we ignore it most of the time. The result is in front of our eyes. We are facing acute environmental degradation. Now it is high time to be careful. Suggest some ways to minimise pollution in order to save environment at least to some extent.
Answer:
Some ways to conserve environment are-

We should reduce unnecessary packaging and bring our own reusable bags. This will reduce the amount of trash that is polluting our environment.
We should use glass bottles instead of plastic bottles.
If possible, we should use more environment-friendly ways of transportation.
We should turn off any lights and electronic gadgets when they are not in use.
We should not let water run while brushing our teeth or washing our hand and face. It will save a lot of water.
Trees clean air and create oxygen. Hence, we should plant trees. This is a great way to compensate for pollution of our environment.
We should not throw garbage on road or in river or pond.
Use of generators fitted with silencers should be promoted.

Question 2.
Mention any five social evils that prevailed in London in the 1870s. Mention any two steps taken by the authorities to check these social evils.
Answer:
London in the 1870s, fell prey to many social evils. Five of them were:

Criminal activities were increasing among the working class people. Here it is worth mentioning that 20,000 criminals were living in London in the 1870s.
A number of cheats and tricksters, pickpockets and petty thieves could be found in the streets of London.
There was a sharp fall in public morality.
Child labour was on increase.
The problem of unemployment was rampant.

Steps taken to control these social evils were:

The authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work to those who were considered the deserving poor.
The Compulsory Elementary Education Act was introduced in 1870 to keep children out of industrial work.

Question 3.
What was the status of the women in the nineteenth century Britain? How did they exhibit their worth during the First World War?
Answer:
There was no equality between men and women. They did not have equal access to this new urban space. The conservative people were against women’s presence in public spaces. They were discouraged to step out of their homes. The public space became increasingly a male preserve, and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women.

The First World War gave women the opportunity to come out from their home and hearth to earn for their family. As men went to battle, women stepped in to undertake jobs that earlier only men were expected to do. They were employed in large numbers in ammunition factories to meet war demands. They did their jobs wonderfully and disillusioned the society that they (women) were far more capable than their male partners. They could bear double burdens more comfortably.