Class 10 History Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers The Age of Industrialisation

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Class 10 History Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers The Age of Industrialisation

The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 5 Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Which is the first industrial nation in the world?
Answer:
Britain is the first industrial nation in the world.

Question 2.
Why did the demand for goods increase in Britain in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
Answer:

World trade expanded.
Colonies were established in different parts of the world.

Question 3.
When did the earliest factories come up in England?
Answer:
The earliest factories came up in England by the 1730s.

Question 4.
Who created the cotton mill?
Answer:
Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill.

Question 5.
Who manufactured the new model of the steam engine?
Answer:
Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model of the steam engine.

Question 6.
Why did the upper classes in Victorian Britain prefer handmade things?
Answer:
Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class.

Question 7.
What was the status of Indian silk and cotton goods before the age of machine industries?
Answer:
They dominated the international market in textiles because of their fine quality.

Question 8.
Name the two Indian ports which had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
Answer:

Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast.
Hoogly in Bengal.

Question 9.
Which ports replaced the old ports of Surat and Hoogly?
Answer:
The ports of Bombay and Calcutta replaced the ports of Surat and Hoogly.

Question 10.
Cotton weavers in early-nineteenth-century India faced two problems. Write them.
Answer:

Their export market collapsed.
The local market shrank being glutted with Manchester imports.

Question 11.
When did the first cotton mill come up in India? Where was it set up?
Answer:
The first cotton mill came up in 1854 in India. It was set up in Bombay.

Question 12.
Who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta? When?
Answer:
Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman, set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917.

Question 13.
Name the three biggest European Managing Agencies that controlled a large sector of Indian industries till the First World War.
Answer:

Bird Heiglers & Co.
Andrew Yule, and
Jardine Skinner & Co.

Question 14.
Who was the jobber? What was his job?
Answer:
The jobber was a person employed by the Indian industrialist to get new recruits. He was a person with authority and power.

Question 15.
Why did the export of Indian yarn to China decline from 1906?
Answer:
It was because the produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market.

Question 16.
Why did Manchester imports into India decline?
Answer:
With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined.

Question 17.
How did the fly shuttle prove to be a boon for the weavers in India?
Answer:
The invention of the fly shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces of cloth.

Question 18.
What role have advertisements played from the very beginning of the industrial age?
Answer:
From the very beginning of the industrial age, advertisements have played an important role in expanding the markets for products, and in shaping a new consumer culture.

Question 19.
Why did Manchester industrialists use imprinted images of Indian gods and goddesses on the cloth bundles?
Answer:
They did so to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people.

Question 20.
By the late nineteenth century, manufacturers began printing calendars to popularise their products. What was the reason behind this?
Answer:
Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people’s homes just as much as in offices and middle-class apartments.

The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 5 Short Answers Type

Question 1.
What made the urban crafts and trade guilds in Europe so powerful in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
OR
Merchants from the towns in Europe could not expand production within towns. Why?
Answer:

Urban crafts and trade guilds were associations of producers that trained crafts people, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.
Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.
It was difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So, they turned to the countryside.

Question 2.
Give a brief description of the important inventions in the eighteenth century that increased the efficacy of the production process of cloth.
OR
How did Richard Arkwright’s cotton mill help in improving the production process of cloth?
Answer:
The production process of cotton include carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling. A series of inventions took place in the eighteenth century. These inventions increased the efficacy of each step of the production process. They enhanced the output of each worker, enabling them to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn.

Then Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Now costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill. Within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality, and the regulation of labour.

Question 3.
‘The typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century Europe was not a machine operator but the traditional crafts person and labourer’. Explain this statement.
OR
Why was the process of industrialisation in Britain slow in the beginning?
Answer:
(i) The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. Textile was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was produced not within factories, but outside, within domestic units.

(ii) Technological changes occurred slowly. New technology was more expensive. The machines often broke down and repair was costly. They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.

(iii) The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by steam-powered cotton or metal industries, but they did not remain entirely stagnant either. Seemingly ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, furniture making, etc.

Question 4.
How did proto-industrial system help in building a close relationship between the towns and the countryside?
Answer:
It was a mere fact that merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside. A merchant clothier in England purchased wool from a stapler, and carried it to the spinners; the yarn or thread that was spun was taken in subsequent stages of production to weavers, fullers, and then to dyers. The finishing was done in London before the export merchant sold the cloth in the international market. This proto-industrial system was thus part of a network of commercial exchanges.

Question 5.
How did building activity in the cities after the 1840s prove to be a boon to those workers who had lost their jobs due to the introduction of the Spinning Jenny?
Answer:
(i) After the 1840s, building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment.

(ii) Roads were widened, new railway stations came up, railway lines were extended, tunnels dug, drainage and sewers laid, and rivers embanked.

(iii) The number of workers employed in the transport industry doubled in the 1840s, and it doubled again in the subsequent 30 years.

Question 6.
What was the system of advances? How did it go against the hopes and aspirations of the poor weavers?
OR
How did the system of advances tie the poor weavers to the company? (V. Imp)
Answer:
(i) Under the system of advances, once the order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the company. They could not sell it to any other trader.

(ii) In the beginning, the poor weavers were happy. They eagerly took the advances, hoping to earn more. They leased out their land which they had earlier cultivated along with weaving and devoted all their time to weaving. They also engaged their children and women in different stages of the process.

(iii) The innocent weavers were least aware of the fact that they had lost their freedom and space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers. The price they received from the company was miserably low and the loans they had received tied them to the company.

Question 7.
Give a brief description about the growth of factories in India.
OR
Give a brief history of the expansion of cotton mills in different parts of India.
Answer:
(i) By the mid-nineteenth century, factories began to be coming up in different parts of India. The first cotton mill was established in Bombay in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862, four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms.

(ii) By the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862.

(iii) In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was also set up. By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras started production.

Question 8.
What functions did jobbers do?
OR
What role did jobbers play in the lives of the factory workers?
OR
The jobber was a person with authority and power. Explain.
Answer:
With the expansion of factories, the demand for workers increased. But getting jobs was not easy, even when mills multiplied. The number of job seekers were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker. He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them

Question 9.
Describe how European Managing Agencies dominated industrial production in India.
Answer:
(i) Three of the biggest European Managing Agencies were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co.

(ii) These Agencies limited the activities of the Indian merchants by barring them from trading with Europe in manufactured goods. They mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them.

(iii) In most instances, Indian financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies made all investments and business decisions.

(iv) The European merchant-industrialists had their own Chambers of Commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.

Question 10.
After the First World War, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market. Why? (V. Imp)
Answer:

The economy of Britain crumbled after the First World War. It could not modernise its industries and therefore, failed to compete with the US, Germany and Japan.
Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.
Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position. They began substituting foreign manufactures and finally got success in capturing the home market.

Question 11.
Mention three reasons for the decline of textile exports from India in the nineteenth century.
Answer:
By the turn of the nineteenth-century, the Indian cotton weavers faced a series of problems-

(i) The industrialisation of Britain proved to be a bane for the cotton weavers. There was a huge decline of textile exports from India. In 1811-12, piece-goods accounted for 33 percent of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 percent.

(ii) With the development of cotton industries in England, the government there imposed import duties on cotton textile so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. At the same time, industrial groups persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. As a result, the local markets shrank, being flooded with the Manchester imports. Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.

(iii) By the 1860s, weavers faced a new problem. They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. When the American Civil War broke out and cotton supplies from the US were cut off, Britain turned to India. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at high prices.

(iv) By the end of the nineteenth century, weavers faced yet another problem. Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine-goods. Again, weavers found themselves helpless in front of these machine-goods which were cheap and therefore in great demand. Obviously it was tough for weavers to compete with them.

(v) The company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth. These gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers. The price they received from the company was very low and the system of advances tied them to the company.

Question 12.
Who were gomasthas? How did they treat the poor weavers of India?
Answer:
Gomasthas were paid servants appointed by the East India Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth. These gomasthas often meted out merciless treatment to the weavers. They acted arrogantly, marched into weaving villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply – often beating and flogging them. Being the outsiders, the gomasthas never showed kind gestures to the weavers. The weavers always remained under the shadow of fear. In many places, they deserted villages and migrated.

Question 13.
What factors led to the expansion of handloom cloth production in India between 1900 and 1940? (Imp)
Answer:
A number of factors led to the expansion of handloom cloth production in India between 1900 and 1940
(i) The invention of the fly shuttle empowered the Indian weavers to a great extent. By the second decade of the twentieth century, they began using looms with the fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. By 1941, over 35 percent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles. In regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin and Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 percent.

(ii) There were several other small innovations that helped weavers improve their productivity, and compete with the mill sector.

(iii) The intricate designs of hand-woven cloth could not be easily copied by the mills. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be displaced by mill production. These things were in great demand. Even famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris.

Question 14.
How did certain groups of weavers in India compete with mill industries?
Answer:
(i) Amongst weavers some produced coarse cloth while others wove finer varieties. The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines, they could not possibly buy cloth.

(ii) However, the demand for the finer varieties bought by the rich was stable in all situations. They could buy these even when the poor starved. Here it is worth mentioning that famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris.

(iii) Moreover, mills could not imitate specialised weavers. It was not easy to displace saris with woven borders by mill production.

Question 15.
Name three European Managing Agencies that controlled a large sector of the Indian industries. What functions did these Agencies perform? (Imp)
Answer:

Three of the biggest European Managing Agencies were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co.
These Agencies limited the activities of the Indian merchants by barring them from trading with Europe in manufactured goods. They mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them.
In most instances, Indian financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies made all investments and business decisions.
The European merchant-industrialists had their own Chambers of Commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.

Question 16.
Why were there frequent clashes between Indian weavers and the Company gomasthas? Give three reasons.
Answer:
The company gomasthas were appointed to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
However, in many weaving villages there were reports of clashes between weavers and these gomasthas. The reasons are given below:

Earlier supply merchants were those who lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers. The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long term link with the village.
They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supplies.
The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers. The price they received from the company was very low. In extreme frustration these weavers revolted, opposing these gomasthas.

Question 17.
Describe how early Indian entrepreneurs survive despite several restrictions imposed upon them by the British government?
Answer:
(i) As colonial control over Indian trade tightened, the space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited. But this did not discourage them. They survived in all situations and set up factories in different regions of India.

(ii) Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had trade links with the Middle East and East Africa. There were yet other commercial groups who operated within India, carrying goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities and financing traders.

The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 5 Long Answers Type

Question 1.
What problems were faced by the Indian cotton weavers in the nineteenth century?
Answer:
By the turn of the nineteenth-century, the Indian cotton weavers faced a series of problems-

Question 2.
What is proto-industrialisation? Why was it successful in the countryside in England in the seventeenth century?
OR
Explain how proto-industrialisation benefit the poor peasants and artisans in the countryside? (Imp)
Before factories began to emerge in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for an industrial market. This was not based on factories. This phase of industrialisation is referred to as proto-industrialisation.
With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. As merchants could not expand production within towns for some reasons, they moved to the countryside.

In the countryside, poor peasants and artisans began working for town merchants. This was a time when open fields in England were disappearing and commons were being enclosed. Cottagers and poor peasants who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, had to now look for alternative sources of income.

So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed. By working for the merchants they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots.

Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.

Question 3.
What was the role of the early Indian industrialists in developing industrial enterprises in British India? Why did their opportunities become limited over the years? (Imp)
OR
Mention the contributions of the following entrepreneurs in the industrialisation of India

Dwarkanath Tagore
Dinshaw Petit
Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata
Seth Hukumchand
G.D. Birla

Answer:
The nineteenth century India was bestowed with some promising businessmen like Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Tata, Seth Hukumchand and G.D. Birla. These businessmen had visions of developing industrial enterprises in India.

Dwarkanath Tagore:
In Bengal, he made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial investment, setting up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s. Although Tagore’s enterprises sank along with those of others in the wider business crises of the 1840s, later in the nineteenth century many of the China traders became successful industrialists.

Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata:
They were Parsi businessmen. They built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.

Seth Hukumchand:
He was a Marwari businessman who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917. He also traded with China.

G.D. Birla:
He was also a Marwari businessman and traded with China. He played an important role in industrialising India.
Over the years, the space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited. They were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods, and had to export mostly raw materials and food grains like raw cotton, opium, wheat and indigo which the British required. They were also gradually edged out of the shipping business.

Question 4.
The modern industrialisation could not marginalise the traditional industries in England. Justify the statement with four suitable arguments. (V. Imp)
OR
Why did industrialists in Victorian Britain want to stick to human labour in spite of the introduction of new technologies and machines?
Answer:
Some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe preferred hand labour over machines because of the following reasons:
(i) There was no dearth of human labour during this period. Poor peasants and migrants moved to cities in large numbers in search of jobs. They were ready to work at low wages. So industrialists did not want to introduce machines.

(ii) In many industries such as gas works and breweries, the demand for labour was seasonal. Since, in these industries production fluctuated with the season, so industrialists usually preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season.

(iii) A range of products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardised goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. In mid-nineteenth-century Britain, several varieties of hammers and axes were produced. These required human skill, not machines.

(iv) In nineteenth-century-Britain, the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand. Handmade products were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed. Machine-made goods were for export to the colonies.

Question 5.
What were the causes of Industrial Revolution in Britain?
OR
Enumerate five factors that caused Industrial Revolution in England. (V. Imp).
Answer:
Five factors that caused Industrial Revolution in England are given below:

(i) Growth of an international market: An international market began to grow in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Therefore, merchants from towns in Europe moved to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for the international market.

(ii) Growing demand for goods: With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. These goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms.

(iii) Availability of capital: British traders were experts in trade. They traded in foreign countries and accumulated vast amount of capital which they invested in setting up factories.

(iv) New inventions: There occurred a series of inventions in the eighteenth century. These inventions increased the efficacy of each step of the production process. They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn. Richard Arkwright’s cotton mill proved to be a big factor for causing Industrial Revolution in England.

(v) Availability of natural resources: England had no dearth of natural resources like iron ore and coal. Needless to say that these are the base of industries. England used these resources to establish a number of industries.

Question 6.
Give the reasons why the network of export trade in textiles controlled by Indian merchants broke down by the 1750s?
Answer:
(i) The European companies gradually gained power – first securing a variety of concessions from local courts, then the monopoly rights to trade. This resulted in a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly through which local merchants had operated.

(ii) Exports from these ports fell dramatically, the credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying up, and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt.

(iii) While Surat and Hoogly decayed, Bombay and Calcutta grew. This shift from the old ports to the new ones was an indicator of the growth of colonial power.

(iv) Trade through the new ports came to be controlled by European companies, and was carried in European ships.

(v) Many of the old trading houses, therefore, collapsed. Those that wanted to survive had to now operate within a network shaped by European trading companies.

Question 7.
What factors led to the boom in the production of cotton industry in the late nineteenth century?
Answer:
The production process of cotton include carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling. A series of inventions took place in the eighteenth century. These inventions increased the efficacy of each step of the production process. They enhanced the output of each worker, enabling them to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn.

Question 8.
How did the Industrial Revolution in England adversely affect the Indian economy? (Imp)
Answer:
(i) Before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries, but the finer varieties often came from India.

A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in the network of export trade. But things did not remain the same when British machine made cloth flooded the Indian markets. Needless to say that machine-made cloth was cheaper than the Indian cloth.

(ii) Cotton weavers in India faced several problems. Their export market collapsed, and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester goods. The imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not compete with them which ultimately affected India’s economy.

(iii) The East India Company forced the poor farmers of India to sell their raw materials at cheap rates to the owners of British factories.

(iv) The old ports of Surat and Hoogly through which local merchants had operated, decayed. Exports from these ports fell dramatically. However, two new ports emerged in their place known as Bombay and Calcutta. Trade through these new ports came to be controlled by European companies.

(v) All these factors severely affected the economy of India. People were so helpless that they could do nothing except engaging themselves in agriculture.

Question 9.
Describe any four impacts of Manchester imports on cotton weavers of India. (Imp)
Answer:
By the turn of the nineteenth-century, the Indian cotton weavers faced a series of problems-

Question 10.
How did the First World War change the economy of Britain?
OR
What was the impact of the First World War on British economy? (Imp)
Answer:
(i) The First World War destroyed British economy. It brought hardships to the people. They had no job opportunities in the country. The major reason was that cotton production and exports declined dramatically during the war years.

(ii) With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Indian mills consolidated their position. As the war prolonged, Indian factories called upon to supply war needs.

(iii) Countries like the US, Japan and Germany modernised their technology. But Britain could do nothing in this regard and therefore failed to compete with these countries.

(iv) Cotton production in Britain collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from this country fell dramatically.

(v) Britain’s hold on its colonies got loosened as local industrialists had already started substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market. Britain, which was world’s leading economy in the pre-war period, faced a prolonged crisis.

Question 11.
Explain the role played by advertisements in creating new consumers for the British goods.
OR
How did the British manufacturers attempt to take over the Indian market with the help of advertisements? Explain.
OR
‘Consumers are created through advertisements’. Explain.
From the very beginning of the industrial age, advertisements have played an important role in expanding the markets for products, and in shaping a new consumer culture. The Manchester industrialists used this technique to take over the Indian market

(i) They put labels on the cloth bundles before sending them to India. The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. The label was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold letters on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.

(ii) The labels also carried images and were often beautifully illustrated to persuade people to buy the products.

(iii) The Manchester industrialists used images of Indian gods and goddesses on the labels. It were as if the association with gods gave divine approval to the goods being sold. The imprinted image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people.

(iv) The manufacturers also printed calendars to popularise their products. Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in tea-shops, in poor people’s homes, in offices and in middle-class apartments. These calendars also carried images of gods and goddesses.

(v) The figures of important personages also began to be used in advertisements and calendars. The message was clear – When the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned.

The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 5 Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions

Question 1.
How were machines and technology glorified in England in the early 20th century through pictures on the cover pages of some books?
Answer:
In 1900, E.T. Pauli, a popular music publisher produced a music book that had a picture on the cover page announcing the ‘Dawn of the Century’. The cover page carries all the signs of progress and prosperity – railway, camera, machines, printing press and factory.

The title the ‘Dawn of the Century’ itself conveys the message of positivity. The glorification of machines and technology is even more marked in a picture which appeared on the pages of a trade magazine over a hundred years ago. It shows two magicians.

The one is Aladdin from the Orient who built a beautiful palace with his magic lamp. The other is the modern mechanic who with his modern tools builds bridges, ships, towers and high-rise buildings. Aladdin is shown as representing the East and the past, the mechanic stands for the West and modernity.

Question 2.
The beginning of the nineteenth century witnessed the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India. Why did this happen and what were its implications?
Answer:
By the beginning of the nineteenth century, cotton industries developed in England. As a result, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside.

At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. Cotton weavers in India were now pushed into grave problems. Their exports market collapsed and the local market shrank, being flooded with Manchester imports.

Question 3.
Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of industrialisation.
Answer:
Advantages

Industrialisation brought massive changes all around. Factories came up on a large scale and machine-made products flooded the markets. Since, machine-made products were available at lower costs, even poor people began to purchase them.
Industrialisation also helped in rising the living standard of people.
Factories employed a large number of people. As a result, the problem of unemployment disappeared to a great extent.
There occurred a series of inventions that made people’s life easy and comfortable. They now got time to utilise it for the promotion of art and culture.
Trade flourished due to the development of means of transport and communication. Countries of the world have come closer. Life has become fast. The credit goes to none but industrialisation.

Disadvantages

Cities became increasingly crowded. This created problems of sanitation and housing.
Environmental pollution increased due to the emissions from the factories and several other reasons.
Workers’ life became miserable. They worked hard but earned very little, there was no one to take care of them. Sometimes they became victims of serious diseases.

Question 4.
By the first decade of the twentieth century a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India. What were these changes?
Answer:
A series of changes that affected the pattern of industrialisation in India were

(i) In the first decade of the twentieth century, the Swadeshi movement gained momentum. Nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth.

(ii) Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.

(iii) From 1906, the export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market. So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.

(iv) During the First World War, when Britain was busy with war production to meet the needs ofthe army, Indian industrialists strengthened their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market. After the war, Manchester goods could never recapture its old position in the Indian market.

The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 5 Value-based Questions (VBQs)

Question 1.
A series of inventions in England revolutionised the textile industry there. What values were associated with these inventions?
Answer:
(i) Spinning Jenny was devised by James Hargreaves in 1764. This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time.

(ii) Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Now, the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill. Within the mill, all the processes were brought together under one roof and management.

(iii) In 1785, Cartwright invented a power loom that could be run by horses or bullocks. Later on water power began to be used to operate this machine.

Question 2.
Which values were associated with hand-made products that had become so popular among the high class in Victorian Britain?
Answer:

Handmade products were more refined.
They were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed.
By using handmade products one could differentiate oneself from others.

Question 3.
Mention three values associated with industrialisation.
Answer:

Industrialisation brought a sea change in the life of mankind.
It raised the living standard of the people.
Factories employed a large number of people.

Question 4.
How did the abundance of labour in the market affect the lives of workers in Victorian Britain?
Answer:
As news of possible jobs travelled to the countryside, poor peasants and vagrants moved to the cities in large numbers. But the actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations. But not everyone had social connections. Many job seekers had to wait for weeks, spending sleepless nights under bridges or in night shelters. Some stayed in Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals, others went to the casual wards maintained by the poor law authorities.