Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Democracy and Diversity

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Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Democracy and Diversity

Democracy and Diversity Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 3 Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
What does Civil Rights Movement in the USA refer to?
Answer:
It refers to reform movements started by Martin Luther King Jr. to abolish legal racial discrimination against African-Americans.

Question 2.
Who were African-Americans?
Answer:
They were the descendants of Africans who were brought into America as slaves between the 17th century and early 19th century. They are termed as Afro-American, Black American or Black.

Question 3.
What was the Black Power Movement?
Answer:
This movement emerged in 1966 and lasted till 1975. It was a more militant anti-racist movement, advocating even violence if necessary to abolish racism in the US.

Question 4.
Who are represented by the term African-America?
Answer:
They were the descendants of Africans who were brought into America as slaves between the 17th century and early 19th century. They are termed as Afro-American, Black American or Black.

Question 5.
Why do you think Peter Norman, who was neither Black nor American, joined in the gesture of protest?
Answer:
He did so to show his support to Smith and Carlos, the two Afro-Americans who stood against racial discrimination.

Question 6.
What did the International Olympic Association do with Smith and Carlos?
Answer:
The International Olympic Association held these two Afro-Americans guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement. Their medals were taken back.

Question 7.
What penalty did Peter Norman get for supporting the two Afro-American athletes in their protest against racism?
Answer:
He was not included in the Australian team for the next Olympic.

Question 8.
What did Peter Norman do to show his support to the two Afro-American athletes?
Answer:
He wore a human rights badge on his shirt during the medal ceremony to show his support to the two Afro-Americans.

Question 9.
What did Tommie Smith and John Carlos protest against?
Answer:
They protested against racial discrimination in the USA.

Question 10.
What are social differences based on?
Answer:
Most of the social differences are based on accident of birth. But some of the differences are based on our choices too.

Question 11.
Give an example to show that social differences unite very different people.
Answer:
Carlos and Smith were blacks and thus different from Norman who was white. But they were all athletes who stood against racial discrimination. This example shows that social differences unite very different people.

Question 12.
What do you mean by over-lapping social differences?
Answer:
When one social difference overlaps another difference, it is called over-lapping social difference.

Question 13.
What happens when various political parties start competing in terms of some existing social divisions?
Answer:
When political parties start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country.

Question 14.
Give an example that lead us to conclude that politics and social divisions must not be allowed to mix.
Answer:
Political competition along religious and ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries. This example shows that a combination of politics and social divisions is not good and so must not be allowed to mix.

Question 15.
How can political expression of social divisions be healthy in a democracy?
Answer:
This allows various disadvantaged and marginal social groups to express their grievances and ask the government to rectify them.

Question 16.
Why do rich and poor people from the same family often not keep close relations with each other?
Answer:
It is because they feel that they are very different and cannot stand together.

Question 17.
What do you mean by social division?
Answer:
By social division we mean division of society on the basis of caste, religion, language, race, sex, etc.

Question 18.
What do you mean by social differences?
Answer:
Social differences refer to the situations where people are discriminated against on the basis of social, economic or racial inequalities.

Democracy and Diversity Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 3 Short Answers Type

Question 1.
What did the African-American athletes do in order to draw international attention to black poverty in the Mexico Olympic in 1968? (Imp)
OR
How did Tommie Smith and John Carlos try to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States at the times of Olympics, held at Mexico city in 1968?
Ans.
(i) In the 1968 Olympics held at Mexico city, Tommie Smith and John Carlos won the gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 metres race. When the medal ceremony was organised these two Afro-American athletes stood on the dice with clenched fists upraised and heads bowed, while the American national anthem was played.

(ii) They received their medals wearing black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty. With this gesture, they tried to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.

(iii) The black-gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolise Black power.

Question 2.
Explain how social differences divide similar people from one another but also unite very different people. Give examples. (Imp)
Answer:
(i) People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundaries of their groups.

(ii) Both Carlos and Smith were similar in one way— both were African-American and were facing racial discrimination in the United States. Thus, they were different from Norman because he was a white.

(iii) But they were also similar in other ways— they were all athletes who stood unitedly against racial discrimination.

Question 3.
What are the origins of social differences? Describe in brief.
OR
What are the two bases of social differences? Explain them with examples.
Answer:
(i) Social differences are mostly based on accident of birth. Normally we don’t choose to belong to our community. We belong to it simply because we were born into it. We all experience social differences based on accident of birth in our everyday lives. People around us are male or female, they are tall and short, have different physical abilities or disabilities.

(ii) Some of the social differences are based on our choices. For example, some people are atheists. They don’t believe in God or any religion. Some people choose to follow a religion other than the one in which they were born. Most of us choose what to study, which occupation to take up and which game to take part in. All these lead to formation of social groups that are based on our choices.

Question 4.
‘The assertion of social diversities in a country need not be seen as a source of danger’? Support the statement with valid arguments.
Answer:
(i) In a democracy, political expression of social divisions is very normal and can be healthy. This allows various disadvantaged and marginal social groups to express their grievances and ask the government to rectify them.

(ii) Expression of various kinds of social divisions in politics often results in their cancelling one an¬other out and thus reducing their intensity. This leads to strengthening of a democracy.

(iii) People who feel marginalised and discriminated often fight against the injustices. Such a fight often takes the democratic path, voicing their demands in a peaceful and constitutional manner and seeking a fair position through elections. The democratic system in our country tries to accommodate social divisions by reserving seats in various levels of governments for the socially underprivileged people.

Question 5.
Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries. Explain. (Imp)
Answer:
(i) Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries of the world. It does not matter whether the country is small or big. India is a vast country with many communities. Belgium is a small country with many communities.

(ii) Even those countries such as Germany and Sweden, that were once highly homogeneous, are undergoing rapid change with influx of people from other parts of the world. Migrants bring with them their own culture and tend to form a different social community. Thus, we can say that most countries of the world are multi-cultural in this age of globalisation.

Question 6.
‘All kinds of social differences are not based on accident of birth’. Explain with examples.
OR
‘Some social differences are based on our choices’. Explain with examples.
Answer:
(i) Social differences are mostly based on accident of birth. Normally we don’t choose to belong to our community. We belong to it simply because we were born into it. We all experience social differences based on accident of birth in our everyday lives. People around us are male or female, they are tall and short, have different physical abilities or disabilities.

(ii) Some of the social differences are based on our choices. For example, some people are atheists. They don’t believe in God or any religion. Some people choose to follow a religion other than the one in which they were born. Most of us choose what to study, which occupation to take up and which game to take part in. All these lead to formation of social groups that are based on our choices.

Question 7.
What penalty was imposed on Carlos, Smith and Norman for their action at the 1968 Mexico Olympics? How did the San Jose State University, of which Carlos and Smith were former students, honour them?
Answer:
(i) The International Olympic Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement. Their medals were therefore taken back.

(ii) When they came back home, they were subjected to a lot of criticism. Norman too suffered for his action. He was not included in the Australian team for the next Olympic.

(iii) The San Jose State University recently honoured them for their brave action and installed their statue in the University campus.

Question 8.
Enlist three features of Civil Rights Movement that took place in the USA during 1954-1968?
OR
Explain the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.
Answer:
(i) The Civil Rights Movement in the US refers to a set of events and reform movements aimed at abolishing legal racial discrimination against African-Americans, also called blacks.

(ii) This movement was led by Martin Luther King Jr., an American Baptist Minister, activist and humanitarian. He led this movement using non-violent methods of civil disobedience against racially discriminatory laws and practices.

(iii) The movement broke the pattern of public facilities being segregated by race in the Southern US and achieved the most important breakthrough in equal-rights legislation for African-Americans.

Question 9.
What happened in the Olympic Games of 1968?
Answer:
(i) In the 1968 Olympics held at Mexico city, Tommie Smith and John Carlos won the gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 metres race. When the medal ceremony was organised these two Afro-American athletes stood on the dice with clenched fists upraised and heads bowed, while the American national anthem was played.

(ii) They received their medals wearing black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty. With this gesture, they tried to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.

(iii) The black-gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolise Black power.

Question 10.
‘Every expression of social divisions in politics does not lead to disasters’. Support the statement with three valid arguments.
Answer:
(i) Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries. Wherever they exist, these divisions are reflected in politics. In a democracy political parties talk about these divisions, make different promises to different communities, look after due representation of various communities and make policies to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities.

(ii) Social divisions affect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer some party more than others.

(iii) In many countries there are parties that focus only on one community.
The instances given above clearly show that expression of social divisions in politics does not lead to disasters nor does it lead to disintegration of the country.

Question 11.
What is the main difference between the Civil Rights Movement and the Black Power Movement?
Answer:
The Civil Rights Movement practised non-violent methods of civil disobedience against racially discriminatory laws and practices in the US. On the other hand, the Black Power Movement was a more militant anti-racist movement, advocating even violence if necessary to end racism in the US.

Democracy and Diversity Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 3 Long Answers Type

Question 1.
Explain overlapping and cross-cutting social differences. (Imp)
Answer:
Overlapping social differences

Social division takes place when some social differences overlap with other differences. The difference between the blacks and whites becomes a social division in the US because the Black are poor and Whites are rich. In our country Dalits tend to be poor and landless while some other communities are well-off. Situation of this kind creates social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities. This situation can lead to disintegration of the country.
In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap with each other. Catholics are poor while Protestants are wealthy there. This results in conflicts and tensions.

Cross-cutting social differences

By cross-cutting social differences we mean that groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issue. In the Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other. Here both Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich. This results in a mutual coordination between the two groups which ultimately strengthens the basic foundation of the country.

Question 2.
How does social division take place? Explain with example.
Answer:
Overlapping social differences

Social division takes place when some social differences overlap with other differences. The difference between the blacks and whites becomes a social division in the US because the Black are poor and Whites are rich. In our country Dalits tend to be poor and landless while some other communities are well-off. Situation of this kind creates social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities. This situation can lead to disintegration of the country. In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap with each other. Catholics are poor while Protestants are wealthy there. This results in conflicts and tensions.

Cross-cutting social differences

By cross-cutting social differences we mean that groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issue. In the Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other. Here both Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich. This results in a mutual coordination between the two groups which ultimately strengthens the basic foundation of the country.

Question 3.
Why do some people think that politics and social divisions must not be allowed to mix? Explain giving reference to Northern Ireland and Yugoslavia.
OR
Explain with reference to Northern Ireland the ways in which social divisions have resulted in violent and bitter ethnopolitical conflict.
OR
The combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous and explosive. Explain highlighting the case of Northern Ireland.
Answer:
(i) Northern Ireland of the United Kingdom has been for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethnopolitical conflict. Its population is divided into two major seats of Christianity – 53 percent are Protestants, while 44 percent are Roman Catholics.

(ii) The Catholics were represented by Nationalist parties who demanded that Northern Ireland be unified with the Republic of Ireland, a predominantly Catholic country. The Protestants were represented by Unionists who wanted to remain with the UK, a predominantly Protestant country.

(iii) The conflict between the two sects became bitter when Unionists and Nationalists started fighting. Hundreds of civilians, militants and security forces were killed in this fight. There was also fight between the security forces of the UK and the Nationalists.

(iv) In 1998, the UK government and the Nationalists reached a peace treaty after which the latter suspended their struggle.

(v) In Yugoslavia, political competition along religious and ethnic lines led to the disintegration of the country into six independent countries. These are the reasons why some people think that politics and social divisions must not be allowed to mix.

Question 4.
Explain the reasons of social differences.
OR
What are the factors that create social differences in society?
Answer:
There are several reasons of social differences:
(i) Differences based on accident of birth:
Social differences are mostly based on accident of birth. Normally we don’t choose to belong to our community. We belong to it simply because we were born into it. We all experience social differences based on accident of birth in our everyday lives. People around us are male or female, they are tall and short, have different physical abilities or disabilities.

(ii) Differences based on choice:
Some of the social differences are based on our choices. For example, some people are atheists. They don’t believe in God or any religion. Some people choose to follow a religion other than the one in which they were born. Most of us choose what to study, which occupation to take up and which game to take part in. All these lead to formation of social groups that are based on our choices.

(iii) Differences based on religion: It is fairly common for people belonging to the same religion to feel that they do not belong to the same community, because their caste or sect is very different. It is also possible for people from different religions to have the same caste and feel close to each other.

(iv) Differences based on economic states: We see a wide gap between the rich and the poor. The affluent class of the society leads a very luxurious life while the poor are destined to lead a tough life in spite of doing hard work. Such a situation creates social divisions. We often see that rich and poor persons from the same family often do not keep close relations with each other for they feel they are very different.

(v) Differences based on caste and colour: History shows that people are often differentiated due to their caste and colour. In the US, the Blacks tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against. On the other hand, the Whites are well-off and lead a life of comforts. In India, Dalits tend to be poor and landless while the upper caste people are mostly rich and affluent.

Question 5.
Three factors are crucial in deciding the outcome of politics of social divisions. Explain. (Imp)
Answer:
Overlapping social differences

Social division takes place when some social differences overlap with other differences. The difference between the blacks and whites becomes a social division in the US because the Black are poor and Whites are rich. In our country Dalits tend to be poor and landless while some other communities are well-off. Situation of this kind creates social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities. This situation can lead to disintegration of the country. In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap with each other. Catholics are poor while Protestants are wealthy there. This results in conflicts and tensions.

Cross-cutting social differences

By cross-cutting social differences we mean that groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issue. In the Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other. Here both Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich. This results in a mutual coordination between the two groups which ultimately strengthens the basic foundation of the country.

Question 6.
Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. Cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate. Support by giving reference to Northern Ireland and the Netherlands.
Answer:
Overlapping social differences

Social division takes place when some social differences overlap with other differences. The difference between the blacks and whites becomes a social division in the US because the Black are poor and Whites are rich. In our country Dalits tend to be poor and landless while some other communities are well-off. Situation of this kind creates social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities. This situation can lead to disintegration of the country. In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap with each other. Catholics are poor while Protestants are wealthy there. This results in conflicts and tensions.

Cross-cutting social differences

By cross-cutting social differences we mean that groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issue. In the Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other. Here both Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich. This results in a mutual coordination between the two groups which ultimately strengthens the basic foundation of the country.

Democracy and Diversity Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 3 Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions

Question 1.
How did the religious differences create social division in Northern Ireland and failed to do the same in the Netherlands?
Answer:
Both Northern Ireland and the Netherlands are predominantly Christians but divided between Catholics and Protestants.

  • In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap with each other. Catholics are poor and discriminated against. But Protestants are wealthy people. This leads to conflicts and tension.
  • In the Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other. Both Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich. As a result, peace and coordination prevail there.
  • The result is that Catholics and Protestants have had conflicts in Northern Ireland while they do not do so in the Netherlands.

Question 2.
Distinguish between overlapping and cross-cutting social differences.
Answer:
Overlapping social differences differ from cross-cutting social differences in the following ways-

Overlapping Differences Cross-cutting Differences
(i) Overlapping social differences create possibilities of social divisions and tensions. (i) Cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate.
(ii) In overlapping social differences, one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and the people start feeling that they belong to different communities. (ii) In cross-cutting social differences, groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issue.
(iii) In Northern Ireland, Catholics and Protestants have had conflicts because the former is poor and the latter is rich. (iii) In the Netherlands, there are no such conflicts because both Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich.

Democracy and Diversity Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Civics Chapter 3 Value-based Questions (VBQs)

Question 1.
Tommie Smith and John Carlos, the two Afro-American athletes stood against racial discrimination. Peter Norman, who was neither Black nor American, supported their cause by joining in the gesture of protest. What values do the three people promote by their action?
Answer:
Their action promotes human values. Smith and Carlos were blacks and had suffered a history of discrimination. They were differentiated on the basis of their colour. They were forced to live a life of miseries. When they got a suitable opportunity, they resisted the practice of racial discrimination in the US.

They wanted equal treatment, respect and equal opportunities for all human beings irrespective of their caste, creed, colour or race. They wanted to live a life of decency and self-respect. These are high human values which are essential for all. So far Norman Peter is concerned, he supported their cause to show that he was against racism and preferred a society where equality existed.